U.S. Infantry Buttons - George Washington 1789 Inaugural Button

The U.S. Army was created by Congress on June 3, 1784 at the end of the American Revolutionary War. This new United States Army was to replace the disbanded Continental Army. The colonies Continental Army was disbanded for several reasons, but for the most part there was a big distrust by the states, and our founding fathers for a government to have a large standing army. The state militia's would assume the role of protecting states individual rights, as well as their self protected interests. This would become the nation's military force (Army) with the exception of a sole regiment which would guard the new Western Frontier; and there was also one battery of a Federal Artillery Unit which would be funded by Congress to guard the arsenal at West Point. The idea of the state militia protector system was not really a practical working idea. After a few years, there became a civilian unrest with the unprofessionalism of state militia units; and because of the continuing conflict with the Native American Indians, it was soon realized that a "field trained" standing Federal Army was necessary. The first of these was called, "The Legion of the United States". It was established in 1791. Certain factors led up to this decision, First was General Arthur St. Clair's disastrous defeat at the Battle of the Wabash by Blue Jacket and Little Turtle's tribal confederacy. General St. Clair's forces were drawn principally from the various state's militias. They were unorganized, unprofessional, and lacked the necessary unified training. This really impressed upon Washington and our founding fathers that a states militia's would not be adequate force for the nations defensive needs. President Washington new he had to raise a professional Army even with the unpopular support of congressional leaders and state representatives. President Washington ended up appointing his old friend lieutenant Anthony Wayne to lead this new professional Army. At the recommendation of the Secretary of War Henry Knox, it was decided to recruit and train a new legion of soldiers for the United States.

The structure they decided upon was simple. The Legion would be composed of four sub-legions, and each would be commanded by a Brigadier General. The sub-legions were going to be all self-contained units which would be composed of two battalions of infantry, a rifle battalion, a troop of dragoons, and a battery of artillery. A light infantry unit would strictly used for skirmishes. These Light Infantry soldiers were armed with Pennsylvania long rifles, and there function would be to screen for the heavy infantry units. So in a nut shell, were looking at a force that would combine Cavalry, Artillery, Light and Heavy Infantry, into one brigade sized force which would be divisible into separate stand-alone combined arms teams. In June of 1792, this new Legion started to recruit and train in Fort Lafayette, which was located in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The first two sub-legions were actually created from the 1st and 2nd regiments of the Continental Army, and the 3rd and 4th sub-legions were raised from new recruits. By November of 1792, the Legion moved to the first U.S. basic training facility in Legionville, PA. This new frontier fort was built on the orders of General Anthony Wayne on the banks of the Ohio River. General Wayne also was accredited for establishing various forts along the line of march to ensure the adequate re-supply for his soldiers. These forts were garrisoned with the newly trained legionnaires. It was their primary task to guard the entire frontier. There resources were spread extremely thin for such an enormous frontier. It is a common mis-belief that the U.S. Legion was officially disbanded in 1796, after General Wayne's death. In fact, what happen was that his second in command General James Wilkinson (who was a secret spy for the Spanish Government) had his own visions, and re-structured the Army into a more formidable system. He was blamed for trying to undo everything General Wayne had created; including the whole Legion/ sub-legion structure, but each had their own system for the times. First notable thing Wilkinson did was to break apart the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th Sub-Legions, and turned them into the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Regiments. There are other structural introductions, but this should help give a basic foundation, and understanding of early US Army button regiment designations. It is said that understanding US Army Insignia and button patterns comes from what was issued between 1796, and the War of 1812. I believe this to be true.

1792 U.S. Army

Color: A Pewter Gray with Clay Red.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 23mm. Coat Size
Albert's: GI 24-A: RV 50
Variation: Eagle with Upraised Wings / Long Thin Neck / Federal Shield with Stars Inside the Field.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There appears to be only one known die variant for this early Army button. The button depicts an Eagle with Upraised Wings facing right with a Long Thin Neck. In the eagle's right talon is a small bundle of three arrows pointing upward. In it's left talon is a short olive branch with petals. Over the eagle's chest is a Federal Shield with Stars Inside the Field. The stars go horizontally across the top portion of the shield, and lines go vertically underneath. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field. Some collectors nickname this, "The Turkey Eagle" because of it's long thin neck. Collectors should obtain any specimen that becomes available.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece molded button with a loop shank. No back mark, but mold line present from casting.

This was Found in the 1920's when Workers Dug up A Walkway of an 18th Century Home.
The Jacob W. Collection.

Robert's Notes: There was a 1960's recasting in pewter from an original specimen. This reproduction can be identified by a "13" on the reverse. The shank is a wedge shank with a drilled hole (Imrie/Risley). Collectors should be ware, some unorthodox people file the "13" away and also the wedge shank down to fake a loop shank.

1792-98 U.S. Army Wayne's Legion

Color: A Pewter Grey.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 21mm. (14mm.Remaining) Coat Size
Albert's: GI 25-A: RV 75
Variation: Eagle Facing Right / Upraised Wings / Federal Striped Shield / Thirteen Five Pointed Stars / Short & Stout.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Fair Planchet Casting, Fair High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There are four known die variants in this series. Depending on which die variant, they can have a differences in the length and fullness of the eagle's neck, and also how many stars are in the field. One die variant the olive branch and arrows switch respective sides. This button depicts an Eagle Facing Right with Upraised Wings. Over the eagle's chest is a Federal Striped Shield. In the eagle's left talon is a small bundle of three arrows pointing upwards. In it's right talon is a short stem olive branch with petals. This die variant is suppose to depict Thirteen Five-pointed Stars surrounding the eagle in the field. The eagle's neck in this variant appears to be Short and Stout. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field. Because of the Pewter. collectors find these dug buttons hard to obtain intact without edge loss. Un-dug specimens are the extreme rarity.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece molded button with a loop shank. The shank is unfortunately missing. No back mark, but mold line present from casting.

Excavated at Fort Adams, Mississippi.
The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1792-98 U.S. Army Wayne's Legion

Color: A Dark Forest Green With Grey Undertones.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 23mm (17mm remaining). Coat Size
Albert's: GI 25-C: RV 75
Variation: Eagle With Upraised Wings / Small Bundle of Three Arrows / Short Stem Olive Branch / 16 Five Point Stars.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Fair Planchet Casting, Fair/Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There are four known die variants in this series. Depending on which die variant, they can show differences in the length and fullness of the eagle's neck, and also how many stars are in the field. The button's pattern depicts an Eagle with Upraised Wings facing right. Over the eagle's chest is a crude style Federal Striped Shield. In the eagle's left talon is a Small Bundle of Three Arrows pointing upwards. In the eagle's right talon is a Short Stem Olive Branch with olives and petals. The die variant depicts Sixteen Five-Point Stars surrounding the eagle in the field. The eagle's neck appears to be Longer & Fuller. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece molded button with a loop shank. The shank is original and intact, but crushed inwards. No back mark or mold line present. Cracks in the pewter are evident.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1792-98 U.S. Army Wayne's Legion

Color: A Light Silvery Gray.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 22.37mm. Coat Size
Albert's: GI 25-C: RV 75
Variation: Eagle With Upraised Wings / Small Bundle of Three Arrows / Short Stem Olive Branch / 16 Five Point Stars.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: Here is something pretty neat, George Washington was our Commander and Chief when this button was used. There are four known die variants in this series. Depending on which die variant, they can show differences in the length and fullness of the eagle's neck, and also how many stars are in the field. The button's pattern depicts an Eagle with Upraised Wings facing right. Over the eagle's chest is a crude style Federal Striped Shield. In the eagle's left talon is a Small Bundle of Three Arrows pointing upwards. In the eagle's right talon is a Short Stem Olive Branch with olives and petals. This die variant depicts Sixteen Five-Point Stars surrounding the eagle in the field. The eagle's neck appears to be Longer & Fuller. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised edge border. Collectors find these dug buttons hard to find without edge loss. Buttons with missing shanks appear to be more common.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is unfortunately missing. No back mark, just a mold line.

Dug by J.B. at an encampment site on the Oconee River near Fort Wilkinson, Georgia.
The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

1792-98 U.S. Army Wayne's Legion

Color: A Dark Pewter Grey with Greenish Brown Specks.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 13.84mm. Cuff Size
Albert's: GI 25-Cv: RV 75
Variation: Eagle With Upraised Wings Facing Right / 5 Five Pointed Stars / Federal Striped Shield / Short & Stout Neck.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There are three known die variants for the smaller cuff buttons. Collectors often find it difficult to associate the cuff with the proper coat variant because of the limited depiction of stars. Using the size of the eagle's neck & head along with the position of the few stars directly above the head can be very helpful in determination of the proper variant. This button's pattern depicts an Eagle with Upraised Wings Facing Right. Over the eagle's chest is a crude style Federal Striped Shield. In the eagle's left talon is a small bundle of three arrows pointing upward. In it's right talon is a short stem olive branch with olives and petals. Since the cuff size is limited in space, the button only depicts 5 Five-Pointed Stars in the field above the eagle's head. The eagle's neck in this die variant is Short & Stout. Early military button collectors find Wayne's Legion pewter buttons hard to obtain intact without edge loss. Un-dug specimens are the extreme rarity.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece molded button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. No back mark, but mold line present from casting.

Dug in Milledgeville, Georgia by J.B. at an encampment site on the Oconee River near Fort Wilkinson.
The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

* Robert's Notes: The way to tell which cuff variation (Av,Bv,Cv) is to examine how the stars are depicted above the eagle's head, and also the thickness and length of the neck.

1792-98 United States Army Wayne's Legion

Color: Desert Clay.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 23mm. Coat Size
Albert's: GI 25-D: RV 75
Variation: Upraised Wings / 16 Five Pointed Stars / Arrows in Right Talon.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This die variant differs from the other three because the arrows and olive branch switch respective sides. The button depicts a spread eagle facing right with upraised wings. In the eagle's right talon is the small bundle of arrows, and in the eagle's left claw is short laurel stem with petals. This die variant has Sixteen Five-Pointed Stars surrounding the eagle in the field above. The eagle's neck in this die variant appears to be longer & thinner. There are four die known die variants for this pattern. Depending on which die variant, they can show a difference in the length and fullness of the eagle's neck, and also how many stars are in the field above. There is no smaller cuff button known to be associated with this die pattern.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat molded one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. No back mark.

The Dave Gerber Collection.

* Last notes on the 1792-98 Wayne's Legion Series. I believe there was a lot more molds created or die variants made then the 4 Albert references. I have come across specimens with subtle differences in the eagle's depicted. Wing spread along with symmetry of spacing vary in specimens known. Could it be possible there were some slightly larger buttons made? Could one of the molds had 17 stars to fill up the empty space? The only meaningful symbolism I know is when 13 Stars were depicted to represent the 13 original colonies or states, or 15 Stars for the number of states when George Washington started his second administration in 1792; which happens to be when these buttons were fabricated!!

Robert, not sure if my button is a 16 or 17 Star. If I count the spacing between the stars then 17. Hard to tell with the pewter disintegrating. Albert doesn't have a 17 Star count, but then not to say they weren't made. I believe your assessment is correct, there were probably more variants made not cataloged. -J.B.

       In 1798, our second President John Adams was the one responsible for building up the Army and Navy because of an undeclared naval war with France. There were several diplomatic, and international commerce trading problems that attributed to Adam's decision to lobby Congress for a larger more equipped Army. First was America's neutrality stands in the war between Britain and post-revolution France. Second, after 1794, America was unwilling to continue to pay it's war debt to France on the grounds that the debt was owed to the French Crown, and not the new Republic. Third, the United States also passed a trade deal with Great Britain which helped resolve several old contentions between the US and England since the American Revolution. This was known as the Jay Treaty. All these points infuriated France. It's citizens felt that since it helped America gain it's own freedom earlier, and was one of it's first allies since the treat of Alliance in 1778, America owed a debt to France. In the face of this rejection, and political circumstances, French privateers started seizing American Ships trading with Britain. President Adams understood America's political climate and willingness to enter into a foreign conflict. He also realized that the Federal Government lacked the resources to make a military commitment of this magnitude. There was also the hard cold fact that the U.S. Army lacked the numbers, discipline, and proper training to go to war. When he assumed the role as the President, there was only four regiments of infantry, and a very meager operating budget from Congress. At this time, most states used, and supplied their own militia units. Unfortunately, these units lacked the proper discipline, experience, and training against larger well trained foreign armies. Plus, there was also the underlying notion that American citizens were unwilling to leave their homes to fight in a foreign war.
        He knew that President Washington had foreseen foreign problems, and America needed it's own Army so it would not be reliant on foreign mercenaries for it's protection. With some political support, Congress granted Washington it's legions. This was the strength base that Adams inherited when he entered office. As with all smart politicians, President Adams used his limited political power to take what initiative he could. He was able to augment the U.S. Army with an additional 12 Infantry Regiments to make to total of 16 Regiments. Also there wasn't a large revenue base the federal government could draw from to supply it's new troops. So fancy uniforms, and quality metal buttons wasn't high on the necessity priority list. Inexpensive pewter was used for Wayne's legion uniform buttons, and this was already known by the decision makers of supplies to be an inexpensive alternative to brass or copper. So most likely, Congress awarded contracts out to the cheapest supplier, instead of quality the of construction and workmanship.
       There is some un-substantiated information that these early infantry regiments were supplied some pewter buttons with their uniforms as early as 1798, but these could have been left old stock that wasn't used for the earlier 4 infantry regiments, or possibly Wayne's Legion pewter buttons. We do have definitive records from the War Department that show in 1800, Robert Martin of Philadelphia made and delivered to the Purveyor of Public Supplies, numbered Pewter buttons for the first 16 Infantry Regiments. These were simple one-piece pewter buttons with an Arabic number in the center, and the country's name, "United States" circling the border in large capital letters. There was no fancy manufacturer identification back mark on these buttons. We also know through excavation of early encampments, that field molds were used by enlisted soldiers to replace buttons if necessary. They were able to melt down Musket Balls or other non ferries metals to cast 6 or more buttons in a scissor like mold. These molds were easy to use, and easily carried along with them on there journeys. These field buttons were also simple one-piece buttons that included the reverse shank as part of the cast. The molds themselves carried no manufacturer identification for the creation of the molds, and the buttons produced usually showed mold lines on the reverse from the scissor like molds.

Robert's Notes: In 1798-1802, the Regimental Infantry buttons were ordered in two sizes, the large coats size 19 to 20mm, and a vest/cuff size of 15 to 16mm.

1798-1802 1st Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: A Flat Grey, & Hints of Red.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 20mm. Coat Button
Albert's: GI 28 R1: RV 35
Variation: 1st regt.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Exceptional High-Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button's pattern depicts a large number "1" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED STATES" circling around the edge in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thin raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. The Shank is crushed and broken open. No back mark. Mold line is present.

The Isabela Collection.~

1798-1802 2nd Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: Pewter Grey with A Blue Undertone.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 20mm. Coat Button
Albert's: GI 28 R2 : RV 35
Variation: No Star/Raised Rim
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: The 2nd Regiment has two known die variants. This button's pattern depicts a number, "2" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED STATES" circling around the edge in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thin raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. The Shank is professionally restored, otherwise straight, and intact. No back mark.

The Isabela Collection.~

1798-1802 2nd Regt. U.S. Infantry (Star Pattern).

Color: A Dark Greenish-Grey.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 20mm. Coat Button
Albert's: GI 28 R2C: RV 35
Variation: Five Point Star/ No Raised Edge Rim.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This would be the 2nd known die variant. This button's pattern depicts a number, "2" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED * STATES * " circling around the edge in capital letters. This pattern has two five pointed star in between the country's name. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a no edge border. This is the only button known in the series of 1798-1802 to use a star as part of the pattern.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. The Shank is professionally restored, and straight. No back mark. Mold line is present.

The Isabela Collection.~

1798-1802 2nd Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: A Charcoal Ash Grey.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 16mm. Cuff Button
Albert's: GI 28 R2: RV 20
Variation: 2nd Regt./Plain Edge.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is the smaller 2nd Regiment vest button. Similar to the first die variant, this button has a number, "2" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED STATES" circling around the edge in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thin raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. The Shank is original, straight, and intact. No back mark. Mold line is present.

The Isabela Collection.~

1798-1802 3rd Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: A Mud Brown .
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 20.54mm. Coat Size
Albert's: GI 28 R3: RV 20
Variation: 3rd Regt. / Raised Edge.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is the larger 3rd Regiment coat button. This button depicts a large Arabic number, "3" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED STATES" circling around the edge in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thin raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. The Shank is unfortunately missing. No back mark. Mold line is barely visible.

Excavated near Lake George, New York.
The Isabela Collection.~

1798-1802 3rd Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: A Mud Brown .
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 15.89mm. Cuff Size
Albert's: GI 28 R3v: RV 20
Variation: 3rd Regt. / Raised Edge.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is the smaller 3rd Regiment cuff button. This button depicts a small Arabic number, "3" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED STATES" circling around the edge in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thin raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. The Shank is original, straight, and intact.

Excavated near Lake George, New York.
The Isabela Collection.~

1798-1802 4th Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: An Ochre of Brown, Green and Red.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 21mm. Coat Size
Albert's: GI 28 R4: RV 35
Variation: 4th Regt.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Good/Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button's pattern depicts a large number "4" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED STATES" circling around the edge in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thin raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. The Shank is original, straight, and intact. No back mark. Mold line is present.

The Isabela Collection.~

1798-1802 4th Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: A Pewter Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 15.5mm Cuff Size
Albert's: GI 28 R4v: RV 20
Variation: 4th Regt.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is the smaller 4th Regiment vest button. Similar to the first die variant, this button has a number, "4" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED STATES" circling around the edge in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thin raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. The Shank is original, straight, and intact. No back mark. Mold line is present.

The Isabela Collection.~

1798-1802 5th Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: An Ochre of Brown, Green and Red.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 20mm. Coat Size
Albert's: GI 28 R5: RV 35
Variation: 5th Regt.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Good/Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button's pattern depicts a large number "5" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED STATES" circling around the edge in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thin raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. The Shank is original, straight, and intact. No back mark. Mold line is present.

Found Along the Ohio river in Sothern Illinois.
The Jacob W. Collection.

1798-1802 5th Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: A Charcoal With Hints of Grey.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 15mm. Cuff Size
Albert's: GI 28 R5v: RV 20
Variation: 5th Regt.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Fair Planchet Casting, Fair High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This cuff button's pattern depicts a large number "5" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED STATES" circling around the edge in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thin raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. The Shank is original, straight, and intact. No back mark. Mold line is present.

The Isabela Collection.~

1798-1802 6th Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: An Ochre of Red and Brown Shades.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 20.5mm Coat Size
Albert's: GI 28 R6: RV 35
Variation: 6th Regt.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button's pattern depicts a large number "6" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED STATES" circling around the edge in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thin raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. The Shank is original, straight, and intact. No back mark. Mold line is present.

Excavated in a Creek Bed near Fort Adams Mississippi.
The Isabela Collection.~

1798-1802 6th Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: An Algae Green with A Charcoal Background.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 15.49mm Cuff Size
Albert's: GI 28 R6v: RV 35
Variation: 6th Regt.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button's pattern depicts a large number "6" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED STATES" circling around the edge in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a plain edge border. Cuff specimens for the 6th Regt. are a rarity.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. The Shank is original, straight, and intact. No back mark or mold line present.

Dug at Lake George, New York.
The Isabela Collection.~

Robert's Notes: An excavated specimen was found of this smaller 15mm. vest size (6th Regt) that was made in Sheffield Silver.

1798-1802 7th Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: A Rustic Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 20.5mm. Coat Size
Albert's: GI 28 R7:            RV 35
Variation: 7th Regt.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button's pattern depicts a large number "7" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED STATES" circling around the edge in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thin raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. The boss is present, but the shank is missing. No back mark. Mold line is present.

Excavated in a Creek Bed near Fort Adams, Mississippi together with several 5th, 6th, & 12th Regt. buttons.
The Isabela Collection.~

1798-1802 7th Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: A Rustic Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 15mm. Cuff Size
Albert's: GI 28 R7v:            RV 35
Variation: 7th Regt.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button's pattern depicts a large number "7" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED STATES" circling around the edge in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thin raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. The boss is present, but the shank is missing. No back mark. Mold line is present.

Excavated in a Creek Bed near Fort Adams, Mississippi together with several 5th, 6th, & 12th Regt. buttons.
The Isabela Collection.~

1798-1802 8th Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: Dirt Brown with Pewter Undertones Showing Through.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 15.56mm. Cuff Size
Albert's: GI 28 R8v:            RV 35
Variation: 8th Regt.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button's pattern depicts a large number "8" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED STATES" circling around the edge in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thin raised edge border. The higher numbers are unusually hard to obtain for collectors.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. The shank is original and intact, but slightly bent.

Dug by Mike Bruce in 1997 in a known Encampment in Winchester, Va.
The Isabela Collection.~

1798-1802 10th Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: A Clay Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 20mm. Coat Size
Albert's: GI 28 R10: RV 35
Variation: 10th Regt.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button's pattern depicts a large number "10" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED STATES" circling around the edge in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thin raised edge border. The higher regimental numbers are much harder to find.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. The shank is original and intact, but crushed inward. No back mark. No mold line is seen.

Dan dug in 1998 in an early Military Camp in South Mississippi.
The Dan Patterson Collection.

1798-1802 10th Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: A Silvery Grey.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 18mm remaining. (20mm) Coat Size
Albert's: GI 28 R10: RV 35
Variation: 10th Regt.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Fair Planchet Casting, Fair High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button's pattern depicts a large number "10" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED STATES" circling around the edge in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thin raised edge border. The higher regimental numbers are much harder to find.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. Professionally re-shanked and is straight. No back mark. No mold line is seen.

The Isabela Collection.~

1798-1802 12th Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: A Silvery Grey.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 15mm. Cuff Cize
Albert's: GI 28 R12: RV 20
Variation: 12th Regt.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Fair Planchet Casting, Fair High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button's pattern depicts a large number "12" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED STATES" circling around the edge in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thin raised edge border. The higher regimental numbers are much harder to find.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. Professionally re-shanked and is straight. No back mark. No mold line is seen.

1798-1802 14th Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: An Earthy Grey.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 15mm. Cuff Size
Albert's: GI 286 R14: RV 20
Variation: 14th Regt.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Fair Planchet Casting, Fair High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button's pattern depicts a large number "14" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED STATES" circling around the edge in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a thin raised edge border. The higher regimental numbers are much harder to find.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. No back mark. No mold line is seen.

The Isabela Collection.~

1798-1802 15th Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: A Pewter Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 15mm. Cuff Size
Albert's: GI 28 R15v: RV 35
Variation: 15th Regt.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button's pattern depicts a large number "15" in the center, with the country's name, "UNITED STATES" circling around the edge in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a plain edge border. Scarce button for collectors to find.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a One-Piece Casting for the Reverse Shank. The shank is original and intact, butslightly crushed inward. No back mark. No mold line is seen.

Dan dug in 1998 in an early Military Camp in Central Mississippi.
The Dan Patterson Collection.

By the early 1800's, American button manufacturing was in full swing with flamboyant patterns, and better metal compositions. Simple patterns with numbers were replaced with fancy foliated letters, star patterns, and federal eagles with shields. Pewter's composition changed from a tin and lead composition to a tin, copper and antimony composition. These buttons were more durable, and didn't degrade as fast. The various states militia units often went with the more expensive English made buttons that were known to be of higher quality. These buttons were known for their ornate patterns, and used stronger and more durable metals like copper, brass, and bronze. These higher quality buttons sometimes even showed manufacturer back marks, which started to appear around this point. The section below will only illustrate Federal Patterns, State Militia buttons will be shown in another section dedicated to the various state patterns used. An interesting note about state militia button patterns is, when a militia unit ordered there uniforms from the garment maker, If they did not have their own unit motif, or wanted to use their state seal, manufacturers would supply, "Federal Type Specimens" to the garment maker.

1808-30's U.S. Army General Service

Color: Pewter Grey with Hints of Red.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 20mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 30-A RV 15
Variation: Thin Roman Block Font Letters / Letter Size 3. 6.5mm
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There appears to be at least four known die variants for the coat size General Service button. The differences are in the circumference size, the style letters used, and if the field between the letters is blank, or a six pointed star. This button's pattern depicts the country's initials, "US" in Thin Roman Block Font Letters. Letter Size for this die variant is 3. 6.5mm . This die variant has a Plain Field between the letters. The high relief pattern is set on plain flat field with no raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The boss is present, but the loop is broken off.

This was excavated in South Carolina by the owner in Fresh Water.
The Keith Nixon Collection.

1808-30's U.S. Army General Service

Color: A Metallic Coppery Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 18.69mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: GI 30-A RV 15
Variation: Thick Roman Block Font Letters / Letter Size 2mm x 7mm / Wide Plain Field.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There appears to be at least four known die variants for the Army's coat size General Service button. The differences are in the outer circumference size, the style letters used, and if the field between the letters is blank, or has a six pointed star. This button's pattern depicts the country's initials, "US" in Thick Roman Block Font Letters. The right hand side of the "U" and the middle of the "S" depicts thicker lines. The letters size for this die variant is 5.02mmW x 6.73mmH . This die variant has a Wide Plain Field between the letters. The high relief pattern is set on plain flat field with no raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact.

The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

1808-30's U.S. Army General Service

Color: Silvery Gray With Rusty-Brown Patches.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 13.3mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: GI 30-Av RV 7
Variation: Thinner U for the Roman Block Font Letters / Letter Size 2mm x 3.5mm / Wide Plain Field.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good/Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There appears to be at least three known die variants for the matching Cuff button, but there were probably more made. The differences are in the style of letters used. Some variants depict a skinny "U", and some show a thicker "U" on the right-side. There is also a difference in the field between the letters. One is is plain (blank), the other has a dot. The dot variant was most likely made to match the GI 30-B coat variant. This button's pattern depicts the country's initials, "US," and uses the Thinner "U" for the Roman Block Font Letter. The Letter Size for this die variant is 2mm x 3.5mm. This button has a Wide Plain Field in-between the letters. The high relief pattern is set on plain flat field with a slightly elevated edge.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact.

Excavation location unknown.
The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

1808-30's U.S. Army General Service

Color: Pewter Grey with Rusty Orange Patches.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 13.3mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: GI 30-Av : RV 7
Variation: Thick Roman Block Font Letters / Letter Size 2mm x 3.5mm / Plain Field.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good/Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There appears to be at least two known die variants for the matching General Service Cuff button. The differences are in the style letters used, and if the field between the letters is blank, or has a dot. This button's pattern depicts the country's initials, "US" in Thick Roman Block Font Letters. Letter Size for this die variant is 2mm x 3.5mm . This die has a Plain Field between the letters. The high relief pattern is set on plain flat field with a slightly elevated edge.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is a soldered on replacement, but straight, and intact.

1808-30's U.S. Army General Service

Color: Pewter Grey with Rusty Orange.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 19.55mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: Similar to GI 30-B: RV 75
Variation: Small Thick Roman Block Letters / Slightly Slanted Belly / Letter Size 2mm x 7mm / Six Pointed Star.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This particular specimen uses the very scarce Philadelphia back mark used by William Pinchin after he took over the business from George Armitage in 1825. The back mark reads, "WP PHILADa ". which would make this the first issue for the Army after he took over. This particular specimen is not listed in Albert's reference book, and this specimen's die variant would make the 5th known die variant. This is similar to Albert's GI 30-B, with Star, but uses smaller letters. This button's pattern depicts the country's initials, "US" in Small Thick Roman Block Letters. The "S" in this die variant also is Slightly Slanted Belly Outward on the lower portion of the S. Letter Size for this die variant is 2mm x 7mm. There is a raised Six Pointed Star in-between the country's initials. The high relief pattern is set on plain flat field with a slightly raised edge.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. Phila / W.P.

Excavation location unknown.
The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

1808-30's U.S. Army General Service

Color: A Clay Orange Pewter.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 15mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: GI 30-Bv RV 7
Variation: Thinner U for the Roman Block Font Letters / Dot In-Between the Letters.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good/Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There appears to be at least three known die variants for the matching General Service Cuff button, but there were probably more made. The differences are in the style of letters used. Some variants depict a skinny "U", and some show a thicker "U" on one side. There is also a difference in the field between the letters. One is is plain (blank), the other has a dot to match the GI 30-B coat variant. This button's pattern depicts the country's initials, "US," and uses the Thinner "U" for the Roman Block Font Letter. This button has a Dot In-Between the Letters. The high relief pattern is set on plain flat field with a plain edge.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original and intact, but slightly bent.

1808-11 1st Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: Pewter Grey with Hints of Red.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 13.83mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: GI 32-R1v-S RV 10
Variation: 1st Regt. / 16 Star Pattern.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Fair Planchet Casting, Fair High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There appears to be at least four known die variants for the 1st Regiment's button in coat size, and two for cuff size. This cuff button's pattern depicts an eagle facing left while perched on an oval circle. Within the oval circle is the 1st regiment designation, "1 . R .t". The eagle is holding small laurel stem in it's right talon, and it's left talon is just standing the oval. There are 16 Five-Pointed Stars encircling the edge around the periphery. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field without a raised edge. Cuff variants with stars are a big more scarce then without stars.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a boss and loop shank. The boss and shank are present, but loop is missing the top half. Blank back mark.

Excavated near Milledgeville, Georgia.
The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1808-11 2nd Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: A Flashy Silver.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 20.66mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 32R2-C: RV 25
Variation: 2nd Regt. / Olive Branch with Olives.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There appears to be at least five known die variants for the 2nd Regiment's button in coat size, and three for the cuff size. Albert's book only lists four patterns. The two main variations collectors should note is in the Arabic number two's style, and the eagle depicted. This button's pattern depicts an eagle facing up & to the left, while standing on an oval circle. The 2nd Regiment designation, "2. R.t" is within the oval's center. In the eagle's right talon is an Olive Branch with Olives. The high relief pattern is set on a flat plain field with no raised edge border. The coat button is much rarer then the cuff size example.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a boss and loop shank. The shank is present, but loop is broken off. Blank back mark.

Dug in 1960 at Fort Conde, Mobil Alabama.
The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1808-11 2nd Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: A Pewter Grey with Hints of Green.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 15mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: GI 32R2-E: RV 10
Variation: 2nd Regt. / Olive Branch with Olives.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is another die variant that was used for the 2nd Regt.. This cuff button's pattern depicts an eagle facing up & to the left, while standing on an oval circle. The 2nd Regiment designation "2. R.t" is within the oval's center. In the eagle's right talon is an Olive Branch with Olives. The high relief pattern is set on a flat plain field with no raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a boss and loop shank. The shank is present, but loop is broken off. Blank back mark.

The J. Baldwin Collection.

1808-11 2nd Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: A Silvery-Grey.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 20mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 32-R2-S: RV 10
Variation: 2nd Regt. /16 Star Pattern / Small Oval.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good/Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There appears to be at least five known die variants for the 2nd Regiment's button in coat size, and three for cuff size. Albert's book only lists four patterns. This coat button's pattern depicts an eagle facing up & to the left, while standing on a Small Oval. The 2nd Regiment designation "2. R.t" is within the oval's center. The eagle is holding an Olive Branch in it's right talon. In this variant, there are 16 Six-Pointed Stars circling around the edge. The high relief pattern is set on a plain field with a thin raised edge. Some collectors report this button in both pewter and yellow metal.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a boss and loop shank. The shank is present, but loop is broken off. Blank back mark.

The J. Baldwin Collection.

1808-11 2nd Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: A Pewter Grey with Hints of Red.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Wash, Cast Pewter.
Size: 15mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: Similar to GI 32-S R2v: Unlisted Variant RV 50
Variation: 2nd Regt. / 16 Six-Pointed Stars.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good/Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This die variant is not listed in Albert's book. There appears to be at least three known die variants for the 2nd Regiment cuff size button. This cuff button's pattern depicts an eagle facing up & to the left, while standing on a small oval. The 2nd Regiment designation "2. R.t" is within the oval's center. The eagle is holding an Olive Branch in it's right talon. In this variant, there are 16 Six-Pointed Stars circling around the edge. The high relief pattern is set on a plain field without a raised edge. Silver Wash Pewter buttons are hard to find without pewter degradation. Most example exhibit sever edge loss.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a boss and loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. Blank back mark.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1808-11 2nd Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: A Silvery Grey.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 14.67mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: Similar to GI 32 Unlisted Variant RV 200
Variation: Large Circular Oval / 2nd Regt. / Olive Branch.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is rarest die variant for the 2nd Regiment cuff button. This is not listed in Albert's book or any other book. Unlike the other four die variants, there is a different style eagle depicted, along with a larger more circular oval. As with the other variants in this series, the button's pattern depicts an eagle facing up & to the left, while standing on a Large Circular Oval. The 2nd Regiment designation "2. Rt" is within the oval's center. The eagle is holding a crude style Olive Branch in it's right talon. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field without a raised edge.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a soldered on loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. No back mark.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1808-11 3rd Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: Forest Green.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter / Yellow Metal.
Size: 20.97mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: Very Similar to GI 32-C R3: Unlisted Die Variant RV 50
Variation: 3rd Regt./ Olive Branch / Bundle of Three Arrows
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good/Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: Albert only lists one die variant for the 3rd Regt. in his book. There are at least two with this specimen. There could possibly be more, just none I can find pictured in any books. This die variant shows a different Arabic Style number and eagle depicted then Albert's plate specimen. This scarce button's pattern depicts an eagle looking left while perched on a large oval. The 3rd Regiment designation, "3. Rt" is in the center. In the eagle's right talon is both a small Olive Branch, and Bundle of Three Arrows that are pointing to the right. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original and intact, but slightly bent over. No back mark or mold line.

Another one dug by J.B. at a ferry crossing on the Ocilla River in Lamont Florida.~
The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

1808-11 3rd Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: Silver Wash Grey.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter / Yellow Metal.
Size: 15mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: Similar to GI 32-C Rv3: Unlisted Variant RV 50
Variation: 3rd Regt./ Olive Branch / Bundle of Three Arrows
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: Albert only lists one die variant for the 3rd Regt. in his book. There could possibly be more, just no current known or listed specimens in any books. This cuff button's pattern depicts an eagle looking left while perched on a large oval. The 3rd Regiment designation, "3 R.t" is in the center. In the eagle's right talon is both a small Olive Branch, and Bundle of Three Arrows that are pointing to the right. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with pewter loop shank. The shank is present, but loop is broken off. Blank back mark.

Dug by J.B. at a ferry crossing on the Ocilla River in Lamont Florida.~
The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

1808-11 4th Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: An Olive Grey.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter / Yellow Metal.
Size: 15mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: GI 32-R4-C RV 7
Variation: 4th Regt./ Arrows Spread Proportionately / Six Petal Olive Branch
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: Albert lists two die variants for the 4th Regt. in his book. This cuff button's pattern depicts an eagle facing left while perched on a large oval circle. The 4th Regiment designation, "4 R.t" is in the center. In the eagle's right talon, is a small Bundle of Three Arrows with large tips that are Spread Proportionately from each other. The eagle is also holding a Six Petal Olive Branch. The pattern is set in high relief on a plain field with no edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a boss and loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. Blank back mark.

The J. Baldwin Collection.

Robert's Notes: Even though most of these patterns are dug from War of 1812 sites, most of the patterns used were issued by the U.S. Military several years before the war. Armitage and Wishart were both making military buttons as far back as 1808, so some of these earlier ones would have been used by both officers, and enlisted men. Congress wasn't that free with their spending on soldiers supplies and uniforms, and your fancier uniforms and better buttons would have been owned by state's militia who would have went for English quality.

1812 8th Regiment, U.S. Infantry

Color: A Pewter Grey With A Film of Seaweed Green.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 20mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 34-R8: RV 25
Variation: Foliated Script I with Decorative Dots / Regiment Number,"8" / Arabic style.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: We know that at least ten regiments (8-18) were issued this infantry pattern. We also know that matching cuffs were made to compliment the coat size. This button's pattern depicts a large Foliated Script Letter "I" with A Decorative Dot pattern flaring from it. This added flair of dots kind of gives it a fireworks feel. Underneath is a medium size oval containing the infantry's Regiment Number,"8" in an Arabic style number. These infantry regiment coat buttons rarely surface to market, and are much rarer then the common Star versions. Cuff size are a little less scarce, but still difficult to obtain. Specimens usually show edge loss, cracks or just pewter disintegration or with a shank.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a soldered on loop shank.

1812 13th Regiment, U.S. Infantry

Color: A Pewter Grey With A Film of Seaweed Green.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 20mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 34-R13: RV 25
Variation: Foliated Script I with Decorative Dots / Regiment Number,"13" / Arabic style.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: We know that at least ten regiments (8-18) were issued this infantry pattern. We also know that matching cuffs were made to compliment the coat size. This button's pattern depicts a large Foliated Script Letter "I" with A Decorative Dot pattern flaring from it. This added flair of dots kind of gives it a fireworks feel. Underneath is a medium size oval containing the infantry's Regiment Number,"13" in an Arabic style number. These infantry regiment coat buttons rarely surface to market, and are much rarer then the common Star versions. Cuff size are a little less scarce, but still difficult to obtain. Specimens usually show edge loss, cracks or just pewter disintegration or with a shank.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a soldered on loop shank.

1812 14th Regiment, U.S. Infantry

Color: A Pewter Grey With Orangey Brown Patches.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 20mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 34-R14: RV 25
Variation: Foliated Script I with Decorative Dots / Regiment Number,"14" / Arabic style.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: We know that at least ten regiments (8-18) were issued this infantry pattern. We also know that matching cuffs were made to compliment the coat size. This button's pattern depicts a large Foliated Script Letter "I" with A Decorative Dot pattern flaring from it. This added flair of dots kind of gives it a fireworks feel. Underneath is a medium size oval containing the infantry's Regiment Number,"14" in an Arabic style number. These infantry regiment coat buttons rarely surface to market, and are much rarer then the common Star versions. Cuff size are a little less scarce, but still difficult to obtain. Specimens usually show edge loss, cracks or just pewter disintegration or with a shank.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a soldered on loop shank. The shank is missing.

Dug at Sackets Harbor, NY.

1812-15 U.S. Infantry

Color: An Army Green with Gray Undertones.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 19.96 mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 36-A.3: RV 6
Variation: Foliated Script I / Open Center 5 Point Star / Star's Prime Point Down.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button's pattern depicts a large Foliated Script Letter "I" in the center. Underneath is a small oval containing an Open Center Five Pointed Star. This die variant shows the Star's Prime Point Down. There are twelve known different die variants in this particular series. Some show the letter, "I" with wide, narrow, or medium loops. There are also a few die variants for the star itself. First, is the different directions of the prime point. Second, if the center is solid or hollow; and third is how many points the star has, "5, 6, 8, or 10". The different variations of obtainable specimens one can obtain makes this a strong collectors favorite.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a soldered on loop shank. The shank is professionally re-shanked, straight & intact.

Excavated in Sackets Harbor, New York
The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1812-15 U.S. Infantry

Color: An Army Green with Gray Undertones.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 19.43mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 36-A.2: RV 6
Variation: Foliated Script I / Open Center 5 Point Star / Star's Prime Point Up.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button's pattern depicts a large Foliated Script Letter "I" in the center. Underneath is a small oval containing an Open Center Five Pointed Star. This die variant shows the Star's Prime Point Up. There are twelve known different die variants in this particular series. Some show the letter, "I" with wide, narrow, or medium loops. There are also a few die variants for the star itself. First, is the different directions of the prime point. Second, if the center is solid or hollow; and third is how many points the star has, "5, 6, 8, or 10". The different variations of obtainable specimens one can obtain makes this a strong collectors favorite.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight & intact. No back mark. Mold line present.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1812-15 U.S. Infantry

Color: A Pewter Gray With Silvery Highlights.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 21.01mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 36-B: RV 25
Variation: Foliated Script I / Outlined 6 Point Star / Star's Prime Point Up.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button's pattern depicts a large Foliated Script Letter "I" in the center. Underneath is a medium size oval containing an An Outlined Six Point Star. There is only one die variant for the coat and cuff button which depicts a six pointed star. Aside from the numbered regiments, the six point star is the hardest to obtain. Collectors should seek any example when available.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight & intact. No back mark. Mold line present

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1812-15 U.S. Infantry

Color: A Deep Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 19.82mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 36-C: RV 12
Variation: Larger Vertical Foliated Script I / Eight Point Star / Wider Birth Hook Tail.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: We know there are at least two die variants made with a raised eight pointed star. One die variant depicts a slightly slanted "I" and shows a more curled tail. Instead of having foliated leaf pattern it has flair dots. The other die variant shows a more vertical "I" that has a wide birth tail. This variant depicts a foliated "I". This variant's pattern depicts a Large Vertical Foliated Script Letter "I" with a Wider Birth Hook Tail. In this variant the tale rests on top of a small raised outline oval. Centered inside of the oval is a raised Eight Point Star. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no edge border. This foliated variant is commonly found in the market at a reasonable price.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece casting for the reverse shank. The shank is original, straight & intact. No back mark. The mold line present.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1812-15 U.S. Infantry

Color: A Silvery Blue.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 15.96mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: GI 36-Cv: RV 15
Variation: Vertical Foliated Script I / Eight Point Star / Wider Birth Hook Tail.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is the matching cuff button for the foliated "I" with the eight pointed star. The button's pattern depicts a Vertical Foliated Script Letter "I" with a Wider Birth Hook Tail. In this variant the tale rests on top of a small raised outline oval. Centered inside of the oval is a raised Eight Point Star. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no edge border. The cuff size button is much harder to obtain then the coat size. Specimens without a worn down pattern that have a shank are rare.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece casting for the reverse shank. The shank is original, straight & intact. No back mark. The mold line present.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1812-15 U.S. Infantry

Color: A Silvery Base With An Ochre of Browns & Greens.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 16mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: Similar to GI 36-Cv: Unlisted Die Variant RV ?
Variation: Slightly Slanted Script I / Curled Tail / Flair Dots Coming Off and Surrounding / Eight Point Star.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is the second known die variant with flair dots. It shows a slightly thinner "I" that is slanted. The tail is also more curled. The button's pattern depicts a Slightly Slanted Script Letter "I" with a more Curled Tail. The letter "I" depicts Flair Dots Coming Off and Surrounding it. In this variant the tale barely touches top of the oval below. Centered inside of the oval is a raised Eight Point Star. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece casting for the reverse shank. The shank is original, straight & intact. No back mark. The mold line present.

1812-15 U.S. Infantry

Color: Pewter Grey with Brown and Yellow Encrustations.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 19.86mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 36-D.1: RV 15
Variation: Foliated I / Narrow Loops / Empty Oval.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There are three known die variants in this series that show an Empty Oval that bares no regiment number or star. The first variation is the size of the foliated script I's loops. One has narrow loops, one has medium loops, and one has wide loops. Also the one with the narrow loops appears to be a little bit more foliated then the other two. This button's pattern depicts a large Foliated Script Letter "I" in the center of a plain field. The "I" in this button has Narrow Loops. There is an Empty Oval underneath that is void of a star or regiment number. There might have been a possibility that a regiment or company number could have been stamped inside at a later date when issued. (As noted, earlier Infantry Regiment buttons Albert's GI 34 were manufactured with reg. numbers 1-18 already in the oval). The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight & intact. No back mark. The mold line present.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1812-15 U.S. Infantry

Color: A Charcoal Brown With Light Green Encrustations.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter/ Brass?
Size: 14.31mm. Vest Size
Albert's Number: GI 36Av Unlisted Variant: RV 25
Variation: Foliated Script I With A Wide Birth Hook Tail / Medium Size 5 Point Star / Star's Prime Point Facing Downward.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: So far I know of two die variants for this solid 5 point star pattern. This button's pattern depicts a Large Foliated Script letter "I" with a Wide Birth Hook Tail in the center. There is a small oval underneath with Medium Size (Solid-Center) Five Point Star. This die variant has the Star's Prime Point facing Downward. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with a flat edge border. Un-dug specimens are hard to come by.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is missing. No back mark, but mold line present.

Dug at Gross Point (Portsmouth) Naval Yard, VA in the 1990's.~
RJ Silverstein Collection.

1812-15 U.S. Infantry

Color: An Army Green with Gray Undertones.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 15mm. Vest Size
Albert's Number: GI 36Av Unlisted Variant: RV 6
Variation: Foliated Script I With A Wide Birth Hook Tail / Solid Center 5 Point Star / Star Prime Point down.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button's pattern depicts a Large Foliated Script letter "I" with a Wide Birth Hook Tail in the center. There is a small oval underneath with small Solid Center Five Pointed Star. This die variant has the Star's Prime Point Down. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is missing. No back mark, but mold line present.

1815-21 U.S. Federal Infantry

Color: Leather Brown with Orange-Gold Highlights.
Metal: Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 19.74mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 38-A.1: RV 10
Variation: Standing Eagle / Long Narrow Vertical Spade Shield / No Arrows.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Good High-Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This series of infantry buttons was manufactured by several companies, and has at least six known die variants. The differences are in the depiction of the eagle, the eagle's wing length (concerning the shield), and how many arrows the example portrays: 0, 3, or 5. This button's pattern depicts a Standing Eagle with upraised wings. The eagle is looking up and toward the right. Covering over the eagle's left wing is a Long Narrow Vertical Spade Shape Shield with a raised outline. In this variant the eagle's wing does not reach the edge of the shield. Within the shield is a raised script letter, "I" for infantry. There are No Arrows in the eagle's talon. The high relief pattern is set on a plain convex field with rounded edges.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight & intact. CRUMPTON PHILA * within a arm channel.

Excavated at Fort Fisher, North Carolina.
The Robert J. Silverstein Collection.

1815-21 U.S. Federal Infantry

Color: A Brown Speckled Orangey Brown.
Metal: Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 19.56mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 38-A.2: RV 10
Variation: Standing Eagle / Large Wide Spade Shield / No Arrows.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Good High-Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There are at least six manufacturers that made die variants for this button. The differences are in the depiction of the eagle, the eagle's wing length (concerning the shield), and how many arrows the example portrays: 0, 3, or 5. This button's pattern depicts a Standing Eagle with upraised wings. The eagle is looking up and toward the right. Covering over the eagle's left wing is a Large Wide Spade Shape Shield with a raised outline. In this variant the eagle's wing does not reach the edge of the shield. Within the shield is a raised script letter, "I" for infantry. There are No Arrows in the eagle's talon. The high relief pattern is set on a plain convex field with rounded edges.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, and intact, but bent over. EAGLE FACTORY rm.

The Robert J. Silverstein Collection.

1815-21 U.S. Federal Infantry

Color: A Brown Pewter Mix.
Metal: Slightly Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 14.34mm. Cuff / Vest Size
Albert's Number: GI 38-Av: RV 05
Variation: Standing Eagle with Upraised Wings / Large Wide Spade Shape Shield / Three Arrows in Right Talon?
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This small cuff button's pattern depicts a Standing Eagle with Upraised Wings that is looking up and to the right. There is a Large Wide Spade Shape Shield covering partially over it's left wing. The eagle's wing in this die variant only goes to the middle of the shield. There is a script letter "I" for infantry depicted on the shield. There are no arrows depicted in this cuff's die variant. The high relief pattern is set on a plain convex field with rounded edges.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, slightly bent, but intact. ********

Excavated at Fort St. Marks, Florida
The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1815-21 U.S. Federal Infantry

Color: A Black Speckled Pewter Gray.
Metal: Low Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 19mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 38-B.2 RV 10
Variation: Standing Droop Wing Eagle /Small Spade Shape Shield / Three Short Arrows Pointing Downward.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: We know of at least two companies that produced this die variant that depicts three arrows in the eagle's right talon. This button's pattern depicts a Standing Droop Wing Eagle that is looking up and to the right. There is a Small Spade Shape Shield covering partially over it's left wing. The eagle's wing in this die variant reaches the edge of the shield. There is a script letter "I" for infantry depicted on the shield. In the eagle's right talon is Three Short Arrows Pointing Downward. The high relief pattern is set on a plain convex field with rounded-off edges.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight & intact. EAGLE / FACTORY rm.

1812-15 U.S. Infantry Officer

Color: Silvery Black.
Metal: Slightly Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 21.78mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 40-A: RV 50
Variation: Oval with Cross Open-Ends / Twigs & Olive Branch / Thin Five Point Star.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This Silver Officer's button is the rarest in the series. It depicts a droop wing eagle facing left, while standing on an Oval with Cross Open-Ends. There is a Thin Five-Point Star within the center of the oval. In the eagle's right talon is some Twigs and an Olive Branch. Circling around the outside edge is the country's name and military designation, "UNITED STATES INFANTRY ." in large Roman Font capital letters. There is a raised Dot Marker in the bottom legend between the words Infantry and United. The high relief pattern is set on a convex plain field. There are five known die variants in the series with a Star in the Oval. There are variances in the stars design, and also if the pattern includes an olive branch. All officers buttons were made with a Sheffield Silver finish.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight & intact. "Giles/Richards" eagle rm with lines.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1812-15 U.S. Infantry Officer

Color: Pewter Grey.
Metal: Slightly Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Pewter.
Size: 20.41mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 40-B: RV 35
Variation: Oval with Cross Open-Ends / Thin Five Point Star / Dot Marker.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is the second die variant known in the series. The button's pattern depicts a droop wing eagle facing left, while while standing on an Oval with Cross Open-Ends. There is a Thin Five-Point Star within the center of the oval. In this die variant, the eagle is "Not" holding an olive branch in it's right talon. Circling around the outside edge is the country's name and military designation, "UNITED STATES INFANTRY ." in large Roman Font capital letters. There is a raised Dot Marker in the bottom legend between the words Infantry and United. The high relief pattern is set on a slightly convex plain field. There are five known die variants in the series with a Star in the Oval. There are variances in the stars design, and also if the pattern includes an olive branch. All officers buttons were made with a Sheffield Silver finish.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece slightly button with a loop shank. The shank is unfortunately missing. "Giles/Richards" eagle rm with lines.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1812-15 U.S. Infantry Officer

Color: The Silver Ghost.
Metal: Slightly Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper. (Pewter Variant Known)
Size: 20.97mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 41-B: RV 35
Variation: Oval with Cross Open-Ends / Thick Five Point Star / Dot Marker.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Good/Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is another die variant for the officer's infantry button. The button's pattern depicts a droop wing eagle facing left, while while standing on an Oval with Cross Open-Ends. There is a Thick Five-Point Star within the center of the oval. Circling around the outside edge is the country's name and military designation, "UNITED STATES INFANTRY ." in large Roman Font capital letters. There is a raised Dot Marker in the bottom legend between the words Infantry and United. The high relief pattern is set on a slightly convex plain field. There are five known die variants in the series with the Star in the Oval. All officers buttons were made with a Sheffield Silver finish.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a concave one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight & intact. Plating is partially chipped off. No back mark

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1812-15 U.S. Infantry Officer

Color: Silver Ghost.
Metal: Slightly Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Pewter (Silver Variant Known).
Size: 21.91mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 42: RV 35
Variation: Oval with Cross Open-Ends / U.S. in Roman Block Letters.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Fair Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button with the "US" in the Oval with Cross Open-Ends, and the country's name only has one die variant. Since there are both pewter and silver variants, this could have been intended for officers and enlisted men. The button's pattern depicts a droop wing eagle facing left, while while standing on an Oval with Cross Open-Ends. The country's initials, "U.S " is in Roman Font block Letters within the center of the oval. Circling around the outside edge is the country's name, and military designation, "UNITED STATES INFANTRY " in large Roman Font capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a slightly convex plain field. Since Pewter breaks down and disintegrates, these are much more rarer then the silvered copper officer specimens.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a soldered on Iron loop shank. The shank is original, straight & intact. Plating is partially chipped off. No Back mark.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

Robert's Notes: There is another series of buttons not listed that have the same pattern of an Eagle over an Oval with Cross Open-Ends, that has stars circling around the periphery instead of the country's name. (This is not to confuse the later patterns of the eagle with the "US" initials in regular ovals)

1808-12 United States Infantry Officer

Color: A Silvery Brown.
Metal: Slightly Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 22mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 44: Isabela's RV 50
Variation: Disk Shaped Center With Long Emanating Rays.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong Impressed Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This early officer's button could have been manufactured as early as 1808, but most likely around 1812. This is the only known die variant for this pattern, and was most likely intended for Infantry Officers. The button's pattern depicts a raised Disk Shaped Center with Long Emanating Rays. Encircling the rays in the legend is the country's name and military designation, "UNITED STATES INFANTRY" in large Roman font capital letters. The impressed pattern is set on a low-convex plain field. Most likely produced for a specific military rank or designation. The button's design symbolizes a shinning sun or sunburst.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. Armitage backmark with 2 ring rm.

The J. Baldwin Collection.

1808-12 US Federal Infantry

Color: A Steel Grey With Hints of Blue & Gold.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 13.65 mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: GI 46Av: RV 06
Variation: Small Oval / Country's Initials / 15 Six Pointed Stars.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Fair/Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There appears to be three die variants with this style eagle. They differentiate by how many stars are depicted circling the eagle. Variant A has 15, B:16, and C has 17 Stars. Any of the cuff variants in this series could have accompanied the larger officer's coat buttons with this pattern. This button's pattern depicts a droop wing eagle perched on a Small oval facing left. Within the oval is the Country's Initials, "US" for United States. Encircling the eagle around the outside edge is 15 raised Six-Pointed Stars. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no edge border. This pattern was most likely made around 1811. Un-dug specimens are extremely rare. Collectors should seek specimens without too much edge loss. Not sure why Albert gave this series a low RV value, obtaining all three variants in good condition appears difficult.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece casting for the reverse shank originally. The shank is original, straight, and intact. No back mark and cast mold line is present.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

Collector's Note: The cuff link series of 1808-12 has at least six known die variants. Each of these die variants have their own style eagle, and decorative border. Some have no stars, and some variants show 3, 12, 14, 15, 16, or 17 stars.
It appears Albert broke this series up into separate numbers by the eagle depicted, and not how many stars encircle.

1808-12 US Federal Infantry

Color: Dark Charcoal Grey.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 13.65 mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: GI 46Av-C: RV 06
Variation: Small Oval / Country's Initials / 17 Six Pointed Stars.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Fair/Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There appears to be three die variants with this style eagle. They differentiate by how many stars are depicted circling the eagle. Variant A has 15, B:16, and C has 17 Stars. Any of the cuff variants in this series could have accompanied the larger officer's coat buttons with this pattern. This button's pattern depicts a droop wing eagle perched on a Small oval facing left. Within the oval is the Country's Initials, "US" for United States. Encircling the eagle around the outside edge is 17 raised Six-Pointed Stars. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no edge border. This pattern was most likely made around 1811. Un-dug specimens are extremely rare.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece casting for the reverse shank originally. The shank appears to be a replacement shank. No back mark and cast mold line is present.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

Collector's Note: The cuff link series of 1808-12 has at least six known die variants. Each of these die variants have their own style eagle, and decorative border. Some have no stars, and some variants show 3, 12, 14, 15, 16, or 17 stars.
It appears Albert broke this series up into separate numbers by the eagle depicted, and not how many stars encircle.

1808-25 Federal Infantry Officer

Color: A Tarnished Silvery Brown.
Metal: Slightly Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 22.27mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 51-F: RV 35
Tice's Number: Unlisted - Predecessor to GM206 -Two Piece
Variation: Head Tilted Up / Round Lined Field / Wide Edge Border.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This series was originally manufactured by Armitage, and was intended for Infantry officers. It was manufactured in large quantities, and the stock was bought many years later by W. Wallace. Some specimens can be found with his back stamp over Armitage. We also know that smaller buttons with this pattern were used by the US Army on their forge caps during the Mexican. Some where along the line, the pattern was made into a two piece, and the surplus was issued for use during the Civil War. Most specimens found today have blank shields. The regiment's number was not usually put on by the manufacturer, the button's regiment number was stamped on the shield after it was issued. Then again, some research indicates that (along with several other patterns in the GI 51 & GI 53 series) issued buttons never had the regiment number stamped on for the soldiers afterwards. Under close examination of my own personal specimen, and other examples I further illustrate, I found two minor pattern variations in the dies used in both the GI 51 & 53 series. First, is the width size of the edge border. One die variant has a wide edge, and the other has a thin edge. Second, is the angle of the eagle head. One die variant has the eagle's head a little more tilted up, and away from the top of the right wing. The other variant has the eagle's head almost touching the wing. Since the button is an easy pattern to cut, I am sure more then one die was fashioned over it's long history. Other research even shows this button was used by various state militia units. This button's pattern depicts a standing eagle with upraised wings facing right. In this die variant, the eagle's Head is Tilted Up, and away from the top of the wing. Under the eagle's left wing is a large blank unstamped shield. The high relief pattern is set on a flat Round Lined Field, that has an angled Wide Edge Border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with loop shank. The shank is missing. Armitage/Phila dm. Wreath

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1808-25 Infantry Officer's Button

Color: Silver with Green Encrustations.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 20.5mm.
Albert's Number: GI 51 or 53 Series, Un pictured Border Frame Size: RV 35
Tice's Number: Unlisted - Predecessor to GM206 -Two Piece
Variation: Head Tilted Up / Round Lined Field / Wide Edge Border.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This series was originally manufactured by Armitage, and was intended for Infantry officers. It was manufactured in large quantities, and the stock was bought many years later by W. Wallace. Some specimens can be found with his back stamp over Armitage. We also know that smaller buttons with this pattern were used by the US Army on their forge caps during the Mexican. Some where along the line, the pattern was made into a two piece, and the surplus was issued for use during the Civil War. Most specimens found today have blank shields. The regiment's number was not usually put on by the manufacturer, the button's regiment number was stamped on the shield after it was issued. Then again, some research indicates that (along with several other patterns in the GI 51 & GI 53 series) issued buttons never had the regiment number stamped on for the soldiers afterwards. Under close examination of my own personal specimen, and other examples I further illustrate, I found two minor pattern variations in the dies used in both the GI 51 & 53 series. First, is the width size of the edge border. One die variant has a wide edge, and the other has a thin edge. Second, is the angle of the eagle head. One die variant has the eagle's head a little more tilted up, and away from the top of the right wing. The other variant has the eagle's head almost touching the wing. Since the button is an easy pattern to replicate, I am sure more then one die was fashioned over it's long history. Other research even shows this button was used by various state militia units. This button's pattern depicts a standing eagle with upraised wings facing right. In this die variant, the eagle's Head is Tilted Up, and away from the top of the wing. Under the eagle's left wing is a large blank unstamped shield. The high relief pattern is set on a flat Lined Field, that is within a round picture frame that has an angled Narrow Edge Border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with loop shank. The shank is missing. Armitage/Phila dm. The shank is original, but crushed inward. **ARMITAGE PHILA* rm inner solid ring.

The Old Court House Civil War Museum Collection.

1808-25 Infantry Officer's Button

Color: An Orange Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 14.66mm. Cuff Size.
Albert's Number: GI 51 or 53: Unlisted Size Variant RV 45-60
Tice's Number: Unlisted: Predecessor to GM206 -Two Piece
Variation: Head Angled Closer / Round Lined Field / Narrow Edge Border.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: George Armitage of Philadelphia made buttons for the US Government between 1808-1825. This Pattern would be one of the earliest Federal Eagle Style buttons to be used by the U.S. Infantry, or by the State Militia in later years. (Johnson's 257, and Tice's GM206 show this exact pattern dedicated for militia use in later years, but it's construction is the 1830's two-piece construction). Albert doesn't list this exact size in his book, but this button can compliment the Infantry Officer's coat size pattern of GI 51-F, GI 53R2-F, GI-53R6-F, or GI 53R8-F. All of those buttons use the same pattern, would be an exact match for this cuff or hat size variant. Bottom line, without us knowing what number was stamped on the shield when issued, we would never know which infantry regiment it belonged to. This button's pattern depicts a standing eagle with upraised wings facing right. This die variant shows the eagle's Head is Angled a Little Closer the top of the wing. Under the eagle's left wing is a large blank unstamped shield. The high relief pattern is set on a flat Lined Field, that is within a round picture frame that has an angled Narrow Edge Border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, but crushed inward. **ARMITAGE PHILA* rm inner solid ring.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

*Roberts Notes: (Johnson's 257, and Tice's GM206 show this exact pattern dedicated for militia use in later years, but it's construction is the 1830's two-piece construction).

1826-50's US Army Forge Cap Button

Color: A Rusty Brown.
Metal: Flat, 2-Piece, Raised Design, Brass.
Size: 15mm. Cuff or Forge Cap Size.
Albert's Number: Unlisted Variant RV 10
Tice's Number: GM-206As.1 (Variant)
Variation: Head Angled Closer / Slanted Shield / Narrow Edge Border.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: Johnson's 257, and Tice's GM206 show this pattern was originally used on US Army Forge Caps during the Mexican War, and then was dedicated for militia use in later years, but it's construction is the 1830's two-piece construction. This die variant shows the eagle's Head is Angled a Little Closer to the top of the wing. Under the eagle's left wing is a Slanted Blank Unstamped Shield. The high relief pattern is set on a flat Lined Field, that is within a round picture frame that has an angled Narrow Edge Border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a two-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is .

*Robert's Notes: Tice notes that a 2-piece was found was found in a camp in Harrison's Landing, Virginia; which was occupied by Federal Troops from Vermont and New York. :13.8mm blank back mark 2-piece: GM206As.1

1810-1820's Regt. U.S. Infantry Officer's Button.

Color: A Silvery Brown with Golden Brown Highlights
Metal: Slightly Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 22mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 51-G: RV 50
Tice Back marks: Armitage 01-Page 97 (B-12-2)
Variation: Eagle Facing Left / Six Petal Olive Branch / Short Lightening Bolts / Three Short Arrows.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Good/Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This die pattern was made by Armitage in the early 19th century, and used by a number of different regiments. The button's pattern depicts a standing Eagle Facing Left with a Six Petal Olive Branch hanging from it's beak. In the eagle's left talon is a group of Short Lightening Bolts. In it's right talon is a small bundle of Three Short Arrows on top of the shield. A large shield stands on the right hand-side, on top of circular or roiling clouds. In the lower bottom legend there is the military regiment designation, "REGt" in large capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain slightly convex field with no raised edge. This is a scarce pattern and rarely comes on the market for sale. Most specimens known are dug examples without a regiment number stamped on the shield. This officer's pattern appears to be the signature of Moritz Furst. He was an engraver and die-sinker from Hungry who worked in Philadelphia in the early 1800's. He was known to have engraved many of the steel button dies, and also various medals that were awarded by Congress to the soldiers in the War of 1812.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. Armitage/Phila rm in-between 2 raised rings.

Picture Courtesy of Harry Ridgeway.

1810-1820's Regt. U.S. Infantry Officer's Coat Button.

Color: A Silvery Brown with Golden Brown Highlights
Metal: Slightly Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 22mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 51-G: RV 50
Variation: Eagle Facing Left / Six Petal Olive Branch / Short Lightening Bolts / Three Short Arrows.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Good/Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This die pattern was made by Armitage in the early 19th century, and used by a number of different regiments. The button's pattern depicts a standing Eagle Facing Left with a Six Petal Olive Branch hanging from it's beak. In the eagle's left talon is a group of Short Lightening Bolts. In it's right talon is a small bundle of Three Short Arrows on top of the shield. A large shield stands on the right hand-side, on top of circular or roiling clouds. In the lower bottom legend there is the military regiment designation, "REGt" in large capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a plain slightly convex field with no raised edge. This is a scarce pattern and rarely comes on the market for sale. Most specimens known are dug examples without a regiment number stamped on the shield. This officer's pattern appears to be the signature of Moritz Furst. He was an engraver and die-sinker from Hungry who worked in Philadelphia in the early 1800's. He was known to have engraved many of the steel button dies, and also various medals that were awarded by Congress to the soldiers in the War of 1812.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. Armitage/Phila rm in-between 2 raised rings BEST in inner circle.

The Robert J. Silverstein Collection.

*Robert's Notes: This is one of the pattern's Armitage made blank as shown in Albert's GI 51-G series. We know from records that the Regiment number was later applied with a separate stamp when issued. Albert lists several examples of different regiments in his GI 53 series. Blank ones that are found in the market might never have been issued (extra stock), and then some issued might never have gotten around to being stamped with the regiment number. So an unstamped one might not automatically mean GI 51-G. Unfortunately, A. Albert tried to analyze these by Regiment numbers instead of the pattern itself; showing multiple regiments using the same buttons at different manufactured dates. I believe this might have been a mistake by Albert, because modern collectors who look to his book for understanding die variants have problems identifying the particular regiment's issued pattern. So nuts and bolts, Armitage manufactured a certain pattern in large quantity, and then when issued the button they would use a stamp to identify which infantry regiment the officer was from. On an economical note, this would cut the expense of making a new die pattern for each regiment, and would also have the benefit of a surplus for easy replacement. Also years down the road, any old stock not sold by the manufacturer could be re-utilized and back stamped with the appropriate markers.

"Debra, I agree with Robert. Let me give you the history behind my buttons I dug them at Fort Scott Ga. In 1816 the 4th US Inf built Fort Scott in 1817 the 7th US Infantry joined them, then in 1818 Andrew Jackson and his Tennessee Boys went to Fort Scott and from there he invaded Spanish Florida. All of the buttons I dug at Fort Scott none had 4 or 7 Stamped on the shield . Fort Scott was from 1816 to 1821. Take Care" ~Jim B

1810-1820 United States Infantry Officer's Cuff Button

Color: Silver On Grey.
Metal: Slightly Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Sheffield Silver Plate.
Size: 13.62mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: GI 51 Gv Unlisted Size Variant RV 75
Variation: Eagle with Upraised Wings / Short Stem Limp Olive Branch with Four Double Petals / Lightening Bolt.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good/Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This GI 51-Gv cuff button could have been issued to a few different infantry regiments making it a GI 53 series button (GI 53R6-G/GI 53R16-Ga/ GI 53 R22-G/GI 53R32-G), but we won't ever know for sure. What makes this die variant unique is the Wide Spread Arrow Tips that reach the button's edge. The coat size variant depicts the arrows close together, angled upward, and far from the button's edge. The button's pattern depicts an Eagle with Upraised Wings standing on top of the rolling clouds while looking toward the left. Hanging from the eagle's beak is a Short Stem Limp Olive Branch with Four Double Petals. In the eagle's left talon is a few Lightening Bolts, and in it's right talon is a small bundle of Three Wide Spread Arrows sticking out from behind the top of the shield. There is a large unstamped shield on the right hand side, with a raised outline. The empty shield space is where they would have stamped a regiment number when issued. In the bottom legend is an offset abbreviation for regiment, "REGt". Since there is no border space for the pattern, the die was most likely cut for a slightly larger 16-18mm planchet. The high relief pattern is set on a plain convex field with no raised border. This is a highly sought button for War of 1812 collectors.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a soldered on loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. ARMITAGE rm.

The Robert J. Silverstein Collection.

1810-1820 Regt. U.S. Infantry Officer's Cuff Button

Color: True Silver.
Metal: Slightly Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 13.47mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: GI 51Gv /53 Series Unlisted Size Variant RV 75
Variation: Eagle with Upraised Wings / Short Stem Limp Olive Branch with Four Double Petals / Lightening Bolt.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong/Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This GI 51-Gv cuff button could have been issued to a few different infantry regiments making it a GI 53 series button (GI 53R6-G/GI 53R16-Ga/ GI 53 R22-G/GI 53R32-G), but we won't ever know for sure. What makes this die variant unique is the Wide Spread Arrow Tips that reach the button's edge. The coat size variant depicts the arrows close together, angled upward, and far from the button's edge. The button's pattern depicts an Eagle with Upraised Wings standing on top of the rolling clouds while looking toward the left. Hanging from the eagle's beak is a Short Stem Limp Olive Branch with Four Double Petals. In the eagle's left talon is a few Lightening Bolts, and in it's right talon is a small bundle of Three Wide Spread Arrows sticking out from behind the top of the shield. There is a large unstamped shield on the right hand side, with a raised outline. The empty shield space is where they would have stamped a regiment number when issued. In the bottom legend is an offset abbreviation for regiment, "REGt". Since there is no border space for the pattern, the die was most likely cut for a slightly larger 16-18mm planchet. The high relief pattern is set on a plain convex field with no raised border. This is a highly sought button for War of 1812 collectors.

Dug by J. Baldwin at Fort Scott Georgia.
The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

"Debra, when Albert's first did his book a lot of buttons and size were yet to be discovered. Also In Albert's day manual calipers were the norm and he would round the size off. With today's digital calipers, the size may be off from what he says in his book example; the true size for this button per a digital caliper is 13.95mm Albert would round it out to 14mm. I have in my collection one that is considered a coat size per Albert's 51-G at 22mm, but yet mine by a digital caliper is 21.46mm with a Armitage back mark. Albert's would round that out that to 22mm. That's why once in a while one will say unlisted it can be because of size or a variant or a completely different rarely seen type button. Take Care" ~Jim B

1811-1824 U.S. Infantry Officer Regiment Jeweler Cut Button

Color: Silver With A Golden Outline.
Metal: Slightly Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver.
Size: 21.2mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: Unlisted: Isabela's RV 200
Variation: Eagle Facing Right / Olive Branch with Six Olives / Small Bundle of Three Arrows.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: John Delarue was a Jeweler in New Orleans who made high end buttons for officers between 1811-24. His buttons are extremely well crafted, and usually retain 95% of their original patterns. His buttons are extremely well crafted, and usually retain 95% of their original patterns. We know he has done other military patterns from specimens found. There may have been other die variants produced of this pattern, but as of date, this specimen is the only one to surface with this pattern for REGT. The button's pattern depicts an eagle with upraised wings standing on roiling clouds while Facing Right. The eagle's left talon is resting on top of a shield, while clutching an Olive Branch with Six Olives. In the eagle's right talon is a Small Bundle of Three Arrows. Under the Eagle's left wing is a large un-numbered spade shaped shield. Below the roiling clouds in the bottom legend is the initials for regiment, "REGt. This button has a superb design, and is a real jewel in any collection of War of 1812 buttons.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is slightly concave one-piece button with a Silver loop shank. The shank is original, straight & intact. NEW. ORLEANS J DELARUE rm script lettering in-between 2 solid rings.

Picture Courtesy of Harry Ridgeway.

"Yes Robert I agree, there are a number of different die variants, and I doubt Albert listed more then a fraction of them. There were a lot of regiments ordering uniforms at different times. You would have to have a lot of submissions by collectors to do more of a complete list." - Harry Ridgeway

1808-1812 United States Infantry Officer

Color: The Silver Ghost.
Metal: Slightly Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Sheffield Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 24.31mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 51-I : RV 50
Variation: Forked Lightening Bolt / Olive Branch / Military Trophy Collection.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: In this series, there are two known manufacturers die variants for this pattern. This silver plated copper button was most likely manufactured for Infantry Officers. The button's pattern depicts a flying eagle facing left, while clutching a Forked Lightening Bolt in it's right claw, and a Small Petal Olive Branch in it's left. Below the eagle is a Military Trophy Collection of objects. In the center of the collection is a pointed shield with the initials, "R t" for regiment in the bottom tip of the spade. On the right hand-side is a downward sword, an upward spear, and three rifle bayonets that are pointing diagonally upward from behind the shield. On the ground below is a small forge cap with a feather. On the left hand side of the shield, is a draped American flag with a top tassel. The flag is partially laying over a sideways drum. This high relief pattern is set on a plain convex field with no edge border. An extremely hard button to obtain, Collectors should seek any specimen available.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a soldered on loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. dm WARRANTED SUPERFINE each within it's own dm Ribbon.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1808-1812 United States Infantry Officer

Color: Golden Brown.
Metal: Slightly Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 24mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 51-I : RV 50
Variation: Forked Lightening Bolt / Large Petal Olive Branch / Military Trophy Collection.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is the second known die variant for this pattern. Manufactured by Wishart in the early 1800's, their pattern has subtle little differences in the petals in the olive branch, the draped flag size and stars within, the sideways drum size, and also more noticeably there is a thin border edge. The button's pattern depicts a flying eagle facing left, while clutching a Forked Lightening Bolt in it's right claw, and a Large Petal Olive Branch in it's left. Below the eagle is a Military Trophy Collection of objects. In the center of the collection is a pointed shield with the initials, "R t" for regiment in the bottom tip of the spade. On the right hand-side is a downward sword, an upward spear, and three rifle bayonets that are pointing diagonally upward from behind the shield. On the ground below is a large forge cap with a feather. On the left hand side of the shield, is a large draped American flag with a top tassel. The flag is partially laying over a big sideways drum. This high relief pattern is set on a plain convex field with a thin raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a soldered on loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. rm WISHART NEW YORK

The J. Baldwin Collection.

1810-12 United States Infantry Officer

Color: A Coppery Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silvered Copper.
Size: 24.84mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 51-J: RV 60
Variation: Pro Patria Ribbon in it's Beak / Pro Patria / Military Trophy Collection.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Good/Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There are three known die variants for this pattern. One with a Rosette stamped before the initials, "INFY."; One without a Rosette before the initials; and a third pattern with an infantry number, "6" before "INFY". Most War of 1812 button collectors nicknamed it, "The Pro Patria Pattern". This is Latin for, "One's Country". The button's pattern depicts a flying eagle facing left, with a Ribbon Grasped in it's Beak. The ribbon's inscription says, "Pro Patria" in all Roman font capital letters. Below this is a Military Trophy Collection. This includes a set of crossed muskets with bayonets pointing upwards, two crossed draped flags: one with a federal shield within and two top tassels, and the other is an American Flag with eight stars; The flag's pole has a single tassel hanging just below the pole cap. On the right-hand side there is a standing drum that is partially covered by the draped flag. In the bottom legend is the abbreviation for infantry, "INFY." The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no edge border. This is a real collector's favorite for 1812 War collectors. Specimens are rarely offered. Non Dug are the rarity.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is unfortunately missing.

The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

1810-12 United States Infantry Officer

Color: A Silvery Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 26mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 51-J: RV 60
Variation: Pro Patria Ribbon in it's Beak / Pro Patria / Military Trophy Collection.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There are three known die variants for this pattern. One with a Rosette stamped before the initials, "INFY."; One without a Rosette before the initials; and a third pattern with an infantry number, "6" before "INFY". Most War of 1812 button collectors nicknamed it, "The Pro Patria Pattern". This is Latin for, "One's Country". The button's pattern depicts a flying eagle facing left, with a Ribbon Grasped in it's Beak. The ribbon's inscription says, "Pro Patria" in all Roman font capital letters. Below this is a Military Trophy Collection. This includes a set of crossed muskets with bayonets pointing upwards, two crossed draped flags: one with a federal shield within and two top tassels, and the other is an American Flag with eight stars; The flag's pole has a single tassel hanging just below the pole cap. On the right-hand side there is a standing drum that is partially covered by the draped flag. In the bottom legend is the abbreviation for infantry, "INFY." The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no edge border. This is a real collector's favorite for 1812 War collectors. Specimens are rarely offered. Non Dug are the rarity.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact.

The J. Baldwin Collection.

1810-12 United States Infantry Officer

Color: A Silvery Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 26mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 51-J: RV 60
Variation: Ribbon Grasped in it's Beak / Pro Patria / Military Trophy Collection /
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There are three known die variants for this pattern. One with a Rosette stamped before the initials, "INFY."; One without a Rosette before the initials; and a third pattern with an infantry number, "6" before "INFY". Most War of 1812 button collectors nicknamed it, "The Pro Patria Pattern". This is Latin for, "One's Country". The button's pattern depicts a flying eagle facing left, with a Ribbon Grasped in it's Beak. The ribbon's inscription says, "Pro Patria" in all Roman font capital letters. Below this is a Military Trophy Collection. This includes a set of crossed muskets with bayonets pointing upwards, two crossed draped flags: one with a federal shield within and two top tassels, and the other is an American Flag with eight stars; The flag's pole has a single tassel hanging just below the pole cap. On the right-hand side there is a standing drum that is partially covered by the draped flag. In the bottom legend is the abbreviation for infantry, "INFY." The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no edge border. This is a real collector's favorite for 1812 War collectors. Specimens are rarely offered. Non Dug are the rarity.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. A M Peasley within a 2 ring rm / stamped over TREBLE GILT ORANGE

The David Gerber Collection.

1808-1812 6th Regt. U.S. Infantry (Officer's Button)

Color: A Silvery Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Sheffield Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 27mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 53R6.J: RV 60
Variation: Pro Patria Ribbon in it's Beak / Pro Patria / Military Trophy Collection.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong/Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This would be the third die variant known with the number "6" in front of the Infantry initials, "INFY.". The button's pattern depicts a flying eagle facing left, with a Ribbon in it's Beak which says, "Pro Patria" in all capital letters. Directly underneath is a Military Trophy Collection. This includes a set of crossed muskets with bayonets pointing upwards, two crossed draped flags: one with a Federal Shield with tassels, and the other and American Flag with a ribbon draped over the top. On the right, there is a standing drum partially covered by the draped flag. In the bottom legend there is an infantry number, "6" before the infantry initials, "INFY". The high relief pattern is set on a flat plain field with no edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is unfortunately missing.

The Baldwin Collection.

1812-15 11th Regt. U.S. Infantry.

Color: Brown with Grey Undertones.
Metal: Slightly Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Pewter.
Size: 22mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 53-Dp: RV 35
Variation: Oval with Cross Open-Ends / Regiment of Infantry / 11th Regiment.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Fair/Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button could have been manufactured as early as 1808-11, but I could not get enough information. I do know it was used during the war of 1812-15. There are two known sizes for this pattern. One is a coat at 23mm, the other is a cuff at 20mm. The button's pattern depicts a droop wing eagle facing left, while standing on an Oval with Cross Open-Ends. The Regiment's Number,"11" is within the oval's center. Circling around the outside edge is the military designation, "REGIMENT OF INFANTRY ." in all Roman Font capital letters. There is a raised Dot Marker in the bottom legend after the word Infantry and United. The high relief pattern is set on a plain convex field. Albert rated this particular die variant an RV 35, I would afford this a little more rarer then that.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight & intact. "Giles/Richards" eagle rm with lines.

Rich Eldon's Dug Collection. (RIP)

1808-12 1st Regt. U.S. Infantry (Officer's Button).

Color: Silvery Gray.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 26mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: Similar to GI 53R1-A Unlisted Pattern Variation: RV 50
Variation: Spread Wing Eagle / Upward Angled Olive Branch / U.S.I
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There is a whole series of these buttons manufactured with slightly different patterns. (Later die variants of this pattern included Roman numerals for their intended regiment designations). These earlier specimens without a regiment number could have been automatically intended for the 1st Regiment. The button above is very similar to GI 53R1.A in Albert's book, but a slightly different variation in the pattern is depicted. This manufacturer's example shows less spacing with various items being depicted. The button's pattern depicts a Spread Wing Eagle with a lined Federal Shield on it's chest. In the eagle's left talon is an Upward Angled Olive Branch with seven petals, and a berry. In the eagle's right talon is a single arrow pointing to the right. Above the eagle's head, is an arced banner with, "E PLURIBUS UNUM" inscribed within. Slightly above that, in the top legend is the abbreviation for United States Infantry, "U.S.I" in large Roman Font letters. Below the eagle is the abbreviation for regiment, "REGt.". The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised edge.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a soldered on loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. *TREBLE.PLATED* raise Eagle above.

1808-12 1st Regt. U.S. Infantry (Officer's Button).

Color: Silvery Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 25.60mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: Similar to GI 53R1-A Unlisted Pattern Variation: RV 50
Variation: Spread Wing Eagle /Large Tip Arrow / Upward Angled Olive Branch / U.S.I
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is another unlisted die variant with the same pattern. This die was cut to give the pattern more room on the planchet. The pattern shows a larger arrow tip, a space between the inscription banner and wings, a space between the olive branch and edge, and there is no, "T" after regiment. The button's pattern depicts a Spread Wing Eagle with a lined Federal Shield on it's chest. In the eagle's left talon is an Upward Angled Olive Branch with five petals, and an Olive. In the eagle's right talon is a Large Tip Arrow pointing to the right. Above the eagle's head, is an arced banner with, "E PLURIBUS UNUM". Just above that, is the abbreviation for United States Infantry, "U.S.I" in large Roman Font letters. Below the eagle is the abbreviation for regiment, "REG". The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised border edge.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a soldered on loop shank. The shank is unfortunately missing.

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1808-12 1st Regt. U.S. Infantry (Officer's Button).

Color: Bright Silver.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 25.89mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: Similar to GI 53R1-A Unlisted Pattern Variation: RV 50
Variation: Spread Wing Eagle /Large Tip Arrow / Upward Angled Olive Branch / U.S.I
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is yet another unlisted die variant with the same pattern. Extremely similar to the specimen pictured above, but with a smaller Arrow point, no space between the banner and wings, and there is a "T" in REGt. The button's pattern depicts a Spread Wing Eagle, with a lined Federal lined Shield on it's chest. In the eagle's left talon is an Upward Angled Olive Branch with Five Petals, and a Olive. In the eagle's right talon is a single arrow pointing to the right. Above the eagle's head, is an arced banner with, "E PLURIBUS UNUM" inscribed within. Slightly above that, in the top legend is the abbreviation for United States Infantry, "U.S.I" in large Roman Font letters. Below the eagle is the abbreviation for regiment, "REGt.". The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised border edge.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button. The shank is original, straight, and intact. Blank back mark.

The J. Baldwin Collection.

1808-12 2nd Regt. U.S. Infantry (Officer's Button).

Color: Silvery Grey.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 23mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 53R2-A: RV 50
Variation: Federal Spread Wing Eagle /Large Tip Arrow / Upward Angled Olive Branch / U.S.II.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button was made in Sheffield Silver, and was intended for Infantry Officers. There is only one die variant known in this pattern for officer's of the 2nd regiment. The button's pattern depicts a Federal Spread Wing Eagle facing left, with a lined Federal Shield on it's chest. In the eagle's left talon is an Upward Angled Olive Branch with five petals, and an Olive. In the eagle's right talon is a Large Tip Arrow pointing to the right. Above the eagle's head, is a small raised arced banner with, "E PLURIBUS UNUM" inscribed. Just above that, is the abbreviation for United States Infantry 2nd Regiment, "U.S.II." in large raised Roman Font letters. Below the eagle is the abbreviation for regiment, "REGt" in capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a flat field with plain edge.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a soldered on loop shank. The shank is unfortunately missing. TREBLE PLATED/ EAGLE design above.

The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

1810-20's 16th Regiment Infantry Officer

Color: Tri Color Of Greens & Browns.
Metal: Slightly Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 21.09mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 53 R16G.b RV 50
Variation: Six Petal Olive Branch / Lightening Bolts / Small Bundle of Three Arrows / 4mm. Arabic Number 16.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Fair/Good Planchet Casting, Fair/Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: Armitage manufactured this pattern for several infantry regiments. Collector's should note there were two size numbers stamped on the shield for the 16th regiment. One with 3mm and one with 4mm. There was a third pattern made by Armitage for the 16th Regt., but used a completely different pattern. The button's pattern depicts an eagle standing on top of the heavenly clouds while looking toward the left. Hanging from the eagle's beak is a Six Petal Olive Branch. In the eagle's left talon is a set of Lightening Bolts, and in it's right talon is a Small Bundle of Three Arrows sticking out from behind the top of the shield. On the right hand side, there is a large shield with a 4mm. Arabic Number 16 stamped in the center to denote the regt. number. In the bottom legend is the abbreviation, "REGt" for regiment. The high relief pattern is set on a plain convex field with no raised edge border. This is an extremely rare officer's button and collectors should seek any specimen made available.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is unfortunately broken off. rm ARMITAGE PHILa. within a 2 ring rm.

Dug by Neil in Clifton Heights, Pennsylvania.
The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

1810-20 22nd Regt. U.S. Infantry (Officer's Button).

Color: Polished Silver.
Metal: Slightly Convex, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Sheffield Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 22mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 53R-22: RV 50
Variation: Eagle Standing on Roiling Clouds / Limp Olive Branch / Three Lightening Bolts / Regiment's Number 22.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong/Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: Armitage manufactured this pattern in large quantities for infantry officers in various regiments. This button was most likely stamped after it was issued to the 22nd Regiment. The button's pattern depicts an Eagle Standing on Roiling Clouds while looking to the left. There is a long Limp Olive Branch held in it's beak. In the eagle's left claw is a set of Three Lightening Bolt, and in it's right talon is small bundle of short arrows sticking out from behind the top of the shield. Stamped on the shield is the Regiment's number,"22" in large Arabic numbers. In the bottom legend is the offset abbreviation, "REGt" to designate regiment. The high relief pattern is set on a plain convex field with no raised edge border. Collectors should take advantage of any specimen that becomes available for purchase.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a soldered on loop shank. The shank is broken off. ARMITAGE /PHIL rm.

1808-1812 6th Regt. U.S. Infantry (Officer's Button).

Color: Silver.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Sheffield Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 20mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: Unlisted Size Variant Similar to GI 53R6.J: RV 75
Variation: Pro Patria Ribbon in it's Beak / Pro Patria / Military Trophy Collection.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong/Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This would be the third die variant known with the number "6" in front of the Infantry initials, "INFY.". The button's pattern depicts a flying eagle facing left, with a Ribbon in it's Beak which says, "Pro Patria" in all capital letters. Directly underneath is a Military Trophy Collection. This includes a set of crossed muskets with bayonets pointing upwards, two crossed draped flags: one with a Federal Shield with tassels, and the other and American Flag with a ribbon draped over the top. On the right, there is a standing drum partially covered by the draped flag. In the bottom legend there is an infantry number, "6" before the infantry initials, "INFY". The high relief pattern is set on a flat plain field with no edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact.

The J. Baldwin Collection.

1812-20 Army Infantry Officer's Cockade Button

Color: A Golden Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 13.80mm. Hat Size
Albert's Number: Unlisted Die Variant Similar to UU132 RV 25
Tice:
Variation: Droop Wing Eagle / Three Spread Arrows / Three Petal & One Berry Olive Branch /Slanted Lined Federal Shield.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This small button was actually worn on the side of a military issued US Infantry Officer's hat. I am told This was sewn on the side of their black silk cockade. We know of at least four manufacturers that made this style button. So there appears to be few different die variants. They mainly differentiate in the eagle depicted, the motto-some have the "E", and some omit the "E" in E Pluribus Unum; how many arrows depicted, and style and direction of the Olive Branch. This buttons pattern depicts a Droop Wing Eagle in the Center facing right. In it's left talon is Three Spread Arrows pointing leftward. In it's right talon is a Three Petal and One Berry Olive Branch pointing downward. On the eagle's chest is a slightly Slanted Lined Federal Shield. Inscribed in a half arc just above the eagle's head is, "E PLURIBUS UNUM" in Roman font capital letters. Circling around the legend is, "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" in raised Roman font capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a flat field with a plain edge.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a soldered on loop shank. Twenty Four Eagle Feathers Circling a raised dotted circle.

1812-20 Army Infantry Officer's Cockade Button

Color: A Golden Metal Color Mix.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 14.52mm. Hat Size
Albert's Number: Unlisted Die Variant Similar to UU132 RV 25
Tice:
Variation: Droop Wing Eagle / Three Spread Arrows / Three Petal & One Berry Olive Branch /Slanted Lined Federal Shield.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: Here is another die variant made by Scovills. This button would be the earliest example known for this pattern. We know of at least four manufacturers that made this style button. So there appears to be few different die variants. They mainly differentiate in the eagle depicted, the motto-some have the "E", and some omit the "E" in E Pluribus Unum; how many arrows depicted, and style and direction of the Olive Branch. This small button was actually worn on the side of a military issued US Infantry Officer's hat. I am told This was sewn on the side of their black silk cockade. This buttons pattern depicts a Droop Wing Eagle in the Center facing right. In it's left talon is Three Spread Arrows pointing leftward. In it's right talon is a Three Petal and One Berry Olive Branch pointing downward. On the eagle's chest is a slightly Slanted Lined Federal Shield. Inscribed in a half arc just above the eagle's head is, "E PLURIBUS UNUM" in Roman font capital letters. Circling around the legend is, "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" in raised Roman font capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a flat field with a plain edge.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a soldered on loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. * SCOVILLS * / EXTRA rm with 2 ring rm around the shank.

The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

1812-20 Army Infantry Officer's Cockade Button

Color: A Brass Yellow with Olive Undertones.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Gilt Brass.
Size: 16mm. Hat Size
Albert's Number: Unlisted Die Variant Similar to UU132 RV 25
Tice:
Variation: Droop Wing Eagle / Two Spread Arrows / Two Petal & Three Berry Olive Branch /Slanted Lined Federal Shield.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is another die variant that has a Warranted Superior back mark. This also appears to be the largest size of this type. We know at least four manufacturers made this style button. So there appears to be few different die variants. They mainly differentiate in the eagle depicted, the motto-some have the "E", and some omit the "E" in E Pluribus Unum; how many arrows depicted, and style and direction of the Olive Branch. This button was actually worn on the side of a military issued US Infantry Officer's hat. I am told This was sewn on the side of their black silk cockade. This buttons pattern depicts a Droop Wing Eagle in the Center facing right. In it's left talon is Two Spread Arrows pointing leftward. In it's right talon is a Three Petal and One Berry Olive Branch pointing downward. On the eagle's chest is a slightly Slanted Lined Federal Shield. Inscribed in a half arc just above the eagle's head is, "E PLURIBUS UNUM" in Roman font capital letters. Circling around the legend is, "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA" in raised Roman font capital letters. The high relief pattern is set on a flat field with a plain edge.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a soldered on loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. WARRANTED SUPERIOR.

1820's Army General Service "The Great Coat Buttons"

Color: Army Green with Coppery Brass Undertones.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Brass.
Size: 20.88mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 70-A RV 25
Tice: GEN 199 A.1
Variation: Outward Over the Letter S / Wide Space Initials / Eight Pointed Star / Arrow Heads Pointing Left.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: The Scovill Company submitted samples of the new design in early April of 1820, and by September 5, they were ordered to make 75 gro. of the large, and 50 gro of the small Great Coat buttons. There is some debate among collectors if the original specimens had blank back marks, or used the L.H. & Scovill back mark. There are two known die variants for the original one-piece coat button, and one for the cuff. One pattern has an eight pointed star between the wide spaced initials; and the other uses a period between the close spaced initials. The cuff size variant uses the period between the initials. The button's pattern depicts a flying spread-wing eagle. The eagle's head shows a side profile that is turned downward, and facing toward the left. In the eagle's left talon is a small bundle of three arrows, that are pointing Outward Over the Letter "S" toward the left. In the eagle's right talon is a small Olive Branch with four petals over the initial, "U". In the center of the button are two large Roman style font Wide Space Initials, "U * S" for United States. In-between the initials is an Eight Pointed Star. Underneath the country's initials is an oval of Arrow Heads Pointing toward the Left, with two raised dots flanking each side of the arrow head. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised edge border. Both dug and un-dug specimens are obtainable. Getting one with a clearly defined eight point star is the hard part for collectors.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The shank is original and intact, but slightly bent.

The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

1820's Army General Service "The Great Coat Buttons"

Color: A Milk Chocolate Desert Brown.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Brass.
Size: 20.76mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 70-A RV 25
Tice: GEN 199 A.1
Variation: Outward Over the Letter S / Wide Space Initials / Eight Pointed Star / Arrow Heads Pointing Left.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Good Planchet Casting, Good High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This would be an example of a common dug specimen. The button's pattern depicts a flying spread-wing eagle. The eagle's head shows a side profile that is turned downward, and facing toward the left. In the eagle's left talon is a small bundle of three arrows, that are pointing Outward Over the Letter "S" toward the left. In the eagle's right talon is a small Olive Branch with four petals over the initial, "U". In the center of the button are two large Roman style font Wide Space Initials, "U * S" for United States. In-between the initials is an Eight Pointed Star. Underneath the country's initials is an oval of Arrow Heads Pointing toward the Left, with two raised dots flanking each side of the arrow head. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a loop shank. The boss is still present, but the loop is unfortunately missing. Blank, no back mark.

Excavated in Florida.~
The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

1820's Army General Service "The Great Coat Buttons"

Color: A Pewter Brown with Green Encrustations.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Brass.
Size: 19.96mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 70-B: RV 25
Tice: GEN 199 B.1
Variation: Olive Branch with Six Petals / Close Space Initials / Period In-between Initials / Arrow Heads Pointing Toward the Right.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Good/Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is the second known die variant made by Scovills for this early one-piece pattern. The die's pattern shows a slightly smaller version of the original. This button's pattern also depicts a flying spread-wing eagle that is looking down above the country's initials while facing toward left. In the eagle's left talon is a small bundle of three arrows, that are pointing toward the left over the letter, "S". In the eagle's right talon is a small Olive Branch with Six Petals over the initial, "U". In the center of the button are two large Roman style font initials for the United States, "US" that are Close Spaced. This die variant shows a Period In-between the Initials. Underneath the country's initials is an oval of Arrow Heads Pointing Toward the Right, with two raised dots flanking each side of the arrow head. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a soldered loop shank. The shank is original and intact. *.*.*UNITED STATES.*.*.* in a channel of 2 rings of rm dots.

Excavated by a Train Depot in Rolla, Missouri.~
The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

1820's Army General Service "The Great Coat Buttons"

Color: Army Green.
Metal: Flat, 1-Piece, Raised Design, Cast Brass.
Size: 21mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 70-B: RV 25
Tice: GEN 199 B.1
Variation: Olive Branch with Six Petals / Close Space Initials / Period In-between Initials / Arrow Heads Pointing Toward the Right.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Good/Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This is the second known die variant made by Scovills for this pattern. The die cut shows a slightly smaller pattern then the original. The button's pattern depicts a flying spread-wing eagle in the top portion of the button. The eagle's head shows a side profile that is turned downward, and facing toward the left. In the eagle's left talon is a small bundle of three arrows, that are pointing toward the left over the letter, "S". In the eagle's right talon is a small Olive Branch with Six Petals over the initial, "U". In the center of the button are two large Roman style font initials for the United States, "US" that are Close Spaced. This die variant shows a Period In-between the Initials. Underneath the country's initials is an oval of Arrow Heads Pointing Toward the Right, with two raised dots flanking each side of the arrow head. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat one-piece button with a soldered loop shank. The shank is original and intact. *.*.*UNITED STATES.*.*.* in a channel of 2 rings of rm dots.

The Picture is courteous of Harry Ridgeway.

1826-39 Army General Service "The Great Coat Buttons"

Color: Desert Brown.
Metal: Flat, 2-Piece, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 20mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 71-A RV 10
Tice's Number: GEN 200A.1 PG 140
Variation: Arrows Pointing Down in-between Initials / Olive Branch with Six Petals / Wide Spaced Initials / Robust Arrow Heads.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This two-piece flat button is extremely similar to the earlier GI 70 design, except the arrows in the eagles talon are pointing in-between the country's initials toward the button's center. There is only one known die variant for this coat button, and two known die variants for the cuff size. Under close examination, this two-piece specimen appears to have a thin shell front over a flat one-piece button. The button's pattern depicts a flying spread-wing eagle. The eagle's head shows a side profile that is turned downward, and facing toward the left. In the eagle's left talon are three small Arrows that are Pointing Down in-between the Country's Initials. In the eagle's right talon over the "U" is an Olive Branch with Six Petals. In the center of the button are two large Roman Font Wide Space Initials, "U . S" with a Period in-between. Underneath the initials is an oval of tightly grouped Robust Arrow Heads pointing to the left. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a flat two-piece button with a soldered loop shank. The shank is original and intact. *.* UNITED STATES *.* in a channel of 2 rings of rm dots.

The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

1826-39 Army General Service "The Great Coat Buttons"

Color: Desert Brown.
Metal: Flat, 2-Piece, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 14.7mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: GI 71-Av RV 25
Tice's Number: GEN 200-As.1
Variation: Arrows Pointing Down / Olive Branch with three Petals / Wide Space / Robust Arrow Heads.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This two-piece flat button is extremely similar to the earlier GI 70 design, except the arrows in the eagles talon are pointing in-between the country's initials toward the button's center. This is one of the two die variants known for the small cuff or vest size button. The button's pattern depicts a flying spread-wing eagle in the top portion of the button. The eagle's head shows a side profile that is facing toward the left. In the eagle's left talon are three small Arrows that are Pointing Down in-between the Country's Initials. In the eagle's right talon is a small Olive Branch with Three Petals and an Olive. In the center of the button is the country's initials, "US" is in Roman Font Capital letters. This die variant shows a Wide Space in-between. Underneath the initials is an oval of tightly grouped Robust Arrow Heads pointing to the left. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised edge border.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a two-piece button with a soldered loop shank. The shank is original and intact. * UNITED / STATES with an inner rings of rm dots.

The Picture is courteous of Harry Ridgeway.

1826-39 Army General Service "The Great Coat Buttons"

Color: Desert Brown.

Metal: Flat, 2-Piece, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.

Size: 14.77mm. Cuff Size

Albert's Number: GI 71-Bv RV 25

Tice's Number: GEN 200-Bs.1

Variation: Arrows Pointing Outward Toward the Left / Olive Branch with Five Petals / Wide Spaced Initials with a Period / Robust Arrow Heads.

Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.

Isabela's Notes: This is the second known die variant in the series for the cuff size button. There are three major differences in this pattern from the first illustrated cuff button. The first difference is in the style eagle depicted, and also the downwardly direction of it's head. Second, the arrows are facing outward toward the left. Third, there is a period in-between the country's initials. The button's pattern depicts a flying spread-wing eagle in the top portion of the button. The eagle's head shows a side profile that is pointed more downward in-between the country's initials. In the eagle's left talon is a small bundle of three arrows over the letter, "S". They are Pointing Outward Toward the Left. In the eagle's right claw is a small Olive Branch with Five Petals over the initial, "U". In the center of the button is the country's initials, "US" is in Roman Font capital letters. This die variant shows a Wide Space initials with a Period in-between. Underneath the country's initials is an oval of Robust Arrow Heads pointing toward the right. The high relief pattern is set on a plain flat field with no raised edge border.

Reverse Button Analysis: This is a two-piece button with a soldered loop shank. The shank is original and intact. * UNITED / STATES in a channel of 2 rings of rm dots.

The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

Robert's Notes: There was another button made by Horstman that uses the same pattern as the ones used in GI 70 & 71, but is a 2-piece Convex button. I would list this as a separate series.

The button pattern depicting a spread eagle with the inscribed "I" on the shield was officially adopted in 1821. Enlisted men used this design until 1854, when it was replaced by the general Service button without the "I". However, Infantry Officers continued to use the pattern until 1902, when the Great Seal Pattern was officially adopted. The new convex style Silver-Plated button started to replace most flat infantry buttons at this point. Companies like Armitage and L.H Scovills started producing the earliest one-piece examples. These buttons would have been worn in later years by both the northern and southern state's militia units on the onset of the Civil War. After a short time, there were many manufacturers producing this button with their own version of the pattern. This style pattern became the standard for all Infantry and Artillery Units. Listed below will be a handful of examples to represent the diversity of manufacturer's patterns. It should also be noted, that some manufacturers used the same obverse dies from their one piece buttons for the newer two piece replacements. The list is incomplete, but enough specimens will be shown to show the differences in the Style Eagle, Arrows, and Olive branches depicted.

1821-40's Federal Infantry Officers

Color: A Silvery Copper.
Metal: 1-Piece, Low-Convex, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 20.6mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 79: RV 5
Tice's Number: GI200B.3 / Tice PG 141 Back mark Book
Variation: Bent Stem Seven Petal Olive Branch / Symmetrical Shield / Elongated Circular Tail Feathers / Tall Thin Initial I.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: The button's pattern depicts a spread eagle facing right, with a Bent Stem Seven Petal Olive Branch in it's right talon. In it's left talon is a small bundle of three Medium Spaced Arrows pointing unidirectional toward the left. On the eagle's chest, there is a Symmetrical Spade Shape Shield with a raised outline edge border. Within the shield is a Tall Thin Initial, "I" for infantry. The high relief pattern is set on a plain low-convex field with no edge border. This manufacturer's notable difference is in the Elongated Circular Tail Feathers. This pattern has been dug around numerous Civil War campsites. The A.W. Spies back mark for this particular button dates to the early 1830's.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a loop shank. *.A.W.SPIES./RICH.* rm

The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

1821-30's Federal Infantry Officer's Button

Color: A Greenish-Coppery Brown.
Metal: 1-Piece, Convex, Raised Design, Brass.
Size: 20mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 79-C.1 B/M Unlisted Variant: RV 5
Tice's Number: GI 200 B.5
Variation: Curved Stem Seven Petal & Two Olive, Olive Branch / Three Wide Spaced Arrows / Long Narrow Pointed Shield / Tall Thin I.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: The button's pattern depicts a spread eagle facing right, with right angled upraised wings. In the eagle's right talon is a Curved Stem Seven Petal and Two Olive Olive Branch. In it's left talon is a bundle of Three Wide Spaced Arrows pointing unidirectional toward the left. On the eagle's chest, there is a Long Narrow Pointed Shield with a raised outline edge border. Within the shield is a Tall Thin Initial, "I" for infantry. The high relief pattern is set on a convex field with no edge border. This manufacturer's notable difference is the style of eagle depicted, and upraised wings right angle. This button would be one of your earliest one-piece infantry buttons by Young & Smith.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a loop shank. rm .YOUNG. SMITH & Co./ NEW YORK . within 2 inner rm dotted rings

RJ. Silverstein Collection.

1821-40's Federal Infantry Officers

Color: An Ochre of Silver, Browns, Greens and Oranges.
Metal: 1-Piece, Low-Convex, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 20mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 79: RV 5
Tice's Number: GI200C.2
Variation: Straight Stem Seven Petal Olive Branch / Tightly Grouped Arrows / Raised Spade Shape Shield / Small Initial I.
Present Condition: An Excavated Example, Strong Planchet Casting, Good/Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: The button's pattern depicts a symmetrical spread eagle facing right, with a Straight Stem Seven Petal Olive Branch in it's right talon. In it's left talon is a small bundle of three Tightly Grouped Arrows pointing toward the left. On the eagle's chest, there is a Raised Spade Shape Shield with a raised outline edge border. Within the shield is a Small Initial, "I" for infantry. The high relief pattern is set on a plain low-convex field. This manufacturer's notable difference is the style eagle used, and the feathers depicted. This pattern has also been dug around numerous Civil War campsites. The back mark of this button indicates that it was manufactured by the English during the 1820-30's.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a loop shank. * BEST QUALITY * rm inner single ring.

Excavated by Chad Davis in Aldie, Virginia.~
Old Court House Civil War Museum.

1821-40's Federal Infantry Officer's Button

Color: A Silvered Kaki-Copper with Hints of Red.
Metal: 1-Piece, Convex, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 19.5mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 79: RV 5
Tice's Number: GI200D.3
Variation: Straight Stem Seven Petal Olive Branch / Wide Spread Arrows / Slightly Slanted Elongated Shield / Small Wide Initial I.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: The button's pattern depicts a spread eagle facing right, with a Straight Stem Seven Petal Olive Branch in it's right talon. In the eagle's left talon is a small bundle of three Wide Spread Arrows pointing unidirectional toward the left. On the eagle's chest, there is a Slightly Slanted Elongated Spade Shape Shield with a raised outline edge border. Within the shield is a Small Wide Initial, "I" for infantry. The high relief pattern is set on a convex field with no edge border. This manufacturer's notable difference is the larger wing style, and feathers depicted. The Plated Wreath back mark dates to the early 1830's.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a loop shank. PLATED with WREATH DESIGN in-between a rm rings.

The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

1830-40's Federal Infantry Button

Color: A Golden Brass.
Metal: 1-Piece, Convex, Raised Design, Plated Brass.
Size: 20mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 79: RV 5
Tice's Number: GI200E
Variation: Small Spread Eagle / Straight Stem Six Petal & Three Olive, Olive Branch / Tightly Grouped Upward Pointing Arrows / Small Wide Shield.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: The button's pattern depicts a Small Spread Eagle facing right, with a Straight Stem Six Petal and Three Olive, Olive Branch in it's right talon. In the eagle's left talon is a small bundle of three Tight Grouped Upward Pointing Arrows. On the eagle's chest, there is a Small Wide Spade Shape Shield with a raised outline edge border. Within the shield is a tall thin initial, "I" for infantry. The high relief pattern is set on a convex field with no edge border. This manufacturer's notable difference is in the smaller style eagle with short wings. The Horstman & Co back mark for this button dates to the early 1830's.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a concave one-piece button with a copper loop shank. The shank is original and intact, but slightly bent over. rm HORSTMANN&Co PHILD in-between 2 rm rings

The RJ. Silverstein Collection.

1835 Federal Infantry Button

Color: A Light Warm Brown.
Metal: 1-Piece, Low-Convex, Raised Design, Gilded Brass.
Size: 18.5mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 80-A.1: RV 5
Tice's Number: GI203A.1
Variation: Eagle Facing Left / Hook Stem Five Petal &Three Olive Olive Branch / Upward Pointing Arrows/Tall Thin Initial I.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: There are two slightly different face dies for this pattern. Unlike the other Infantry buttons in the series, this specimen shows the pattern depicted in an opposite direction. The button's pattern depicts a symmetrical spread Eagle Facing Left instead of right. In the eagles left talon is Hook Stem Five Petal and Three Olive, Olive Branch. In the eagle's right talon, is a small bundle of three unidirectional Upward Pointing Arrows. On the eagle's chest, there is a Wide Birth Spade Shape Shield, with a raised outline edge border. Within the shield is a Tall Thin Initial, "I" for infantry. The high relief pattern is set on a low-convex plain field with no edge border. This manufacturer's notable difference in this variation is the opposite direction of the pattern, and the style eagle depicted. Not that it is extremely rare, but I found this particular one-piece button a lot harder to come by then Albert's rating allowance.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a concave one-piece button with a copper loop shank. The shank is original, straight, and intact. * IVES,SCOTT & CO */ WATERBURY rm

The RJ Silverstein Collection.

1830-40's Federal Infantry Officer's Button

Color: Tarnished Coppery Brown.
Metal: 1-Piece, Convex, Raised Design, Plated.
Size: 20mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 79-C.1: RV 5
Tice's Number: GI200.B Unlisted Back mark Variant of Young & Smith
Variation: 7 Petal & Two Olive, Olive Branch / Three Tightly Grouped Arrows / Long Narrow Pointed Shield / Tall Thin I.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: The button's pattern depicts a spread eagle facing right, with a Straight Stem Seven Petal and Two Olive Olive Branch in it's right talon. In it's left talon is a small bundle of Three Tightly Grouped Arrows pointing left. On the eagle's chest, there is a Long Narrow Pointed Shield with a raised outline edge border. Within the shield is a Tall Thin Initial, "I" for infantry. The high relief pattern is set on a convex field with no edge border. This manufacturer's notable difference is the slim style eagle depicted. This button would be one of your earlier one-piece infantry buttons by Young & Smith.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a loop shank. rm *YOUNG.SMITH & Co./N.YORK * with 2 inner rm rings.

1830-40's Federal Infantry Officer's Button

Color: A Silvered Kaki Copper.
Metal: 2-Piece, Low-Convex, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 20mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 82: RV 3
Tice's Number: GI206.C Unlisted Back mark Variant of Young & Smith
Variation: Crude Style Budding Olive Branch / Three Close Spaced Arrows / Raised Shield with a large Roman style Lined I.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Strong High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: This button would be one of your earliest manufactured two-piece constructed buttons for infantry officers. This is an example of how Young & Smith utilized the same dies from the earlier one piece buttons. This button's pattern depicts a spread eagle facing right, with a Crude Style Budding Olive Branch in it's right talon. In it's left talon is a small bundle of Three Close Spaced Arrows pointing upward and to the left. On the eagle's chest is a Raised Shield with a Large Roman style Lined, "I" on top of the shield. As noted, the top and bottom line edges of "I" touches the shield's inner perimeter outline. The high relief pattern is set on a plain low-convex field with no edge border. This manufacturer's notable difference is the thick neck and head line of the eagle depicted. The Young & Smith back mark on this example dates to the early 1830's.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button with a loop shank. .YOUNG.SMITH & Co./N.YORK. rm with 2 inner rings rm.

1821-36 Federal Infantry Officer's Epaulettes

Color: A Polished Silvered.
Metal: 1-Piece, Low-Convex, Raised Design, Silver Plated Copper.
Size: 14mm. Cuff Size
Albert's Number: GI 79-Unlisted Variant: RV 5
Tice's Number: Similar to GI200Fs -Unlisted Variant
Variation: Crude Style Budding Olive Branch / Crude Style Unidirectional Arrows / Raised Shield with Roman Style I.
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: These smaller size buttons were usually used as officer's Epaulettes. This button's pattern is extremely similar to GI206/Albert's GI82, but is a one piece, not two. This particular die variant could be a transitional button with the introduction of new two-piece construction in late 20's. This obverse pattern is found on a two piece example. This button's pattern depicts a spread eagle facing right, with a small Crude Style Budding Olive Branch in it's right talon. In it's left talon is a small bundle of three Crude Style Unidirectional Arrows pointing up and to the left. On the eagle's chest is a Raised Shield with a Large Roman style Lined, "I" on top of the shield. As noted, the top and bottom line edges of "I" touches the shield's outside outline. The high relief pattern is set on a plain low-convex field with no edge border. This manufacturer's notable difference is in the crude style arrows and olive branch depicted.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a slightly concave one-piece button, with a loop shank. Back mark: rm SUPERIOR * QUALITY* within 2 rm rings.

1845-65 Federal Infantry

Color: A Golden Brass.
Metal: 2-Piece, High-Convex, Raised Design, Brass.
Size: 20.8mm. Coat Size
Albert's Number: GI 85 or GI 88: RV 2
Tice's Number: GI215A.39
Variation: Curved Stem Seven Petal Olive Branch / Deeply Recessed Spade Shape Shield / Small Raised Initial I
Present Condition: A Non Excavated Example, Exceptional Planchet Casting, Exceptional High Relief Pattern.
Isabela's Notes: They manufactured this particular pattern up until 1875, but this particular back mark indicates that it was made prior to 1865. During the Civil War, Federal Infantry troops used this particular style with the deep recessed shield frequently. The button's pattern depicts a symmetrical spread eagle facing right, with a Curved Stem Seven Petals and Two Olive, Olive Branch in it's right talon. In it's left talon is a small bundle of three Close Space Arrows unidirectional pointing up and toward the left. On the eagle's chest, is a Deeply Recessed Spade Shape Shield. Within the shield is a Small Raised Initial, "I" for infantry. The high relief pattern is set on a high-convex field with no edge border. This manufacturer's notable difference is the symmetrical style eagle depicted with the exceptional design detail.
Reverse Button Analysis: This is a one-piece concave button with a copper loop shank. rm HORSTMANN&Co PHILD in-between 2 rm rings

The RJ. Silverstein Collection.